Each of these 9 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
the Regalecus banksii, known also as the oar-fish. Its length is about 12 feet; color, silvery, with irregular dark lines and spots on the anterior part of the body; dorsal red; snout truncated, mouth edentate, stomach prolonged as a pouch. Ribbon fishes, the acanthopterygian div division Tæniiformes.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
a family of deep water fishes. They have long, narrow, tape-like bodies several feet in length, a few inches high, and about one inch in width. The back fin runs the entire length of the body. The mouth is small. Despite their shape, they are allied to the mackerels. They are found in deep sea water all over the world, but are so delicate and fragile that it is difficult to obtain a perfect specimen. Not infrequently their mutilated bodies are thrown ashore after storms.
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Phalaris arundinacea, a species of canary grass with variegated leaves.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
the name assumed by a group of secret associations among the lower classes in Ireland throughout the half century extending from 1820-1870, at its greatest height from about 1835 to 1855. Its origin and organization are alike wrapped in obscurity, but it appears in the beginning at least to have been political in its aims, and it seems probable that it grew out of the northern Defenders who banded themselves to oppose the Orange organization. Earlier associations with somewhat similar aims were the Whiteboys and the Threshers, and, in particular corners of the island, the Carders, Shanavests, and Caravats. ALEXANDRE FÉLIX
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
JOSEPH, a French statesman. He was born at St. Omer in 1842 and was edu- ALEXANDRE F. J. RIBOT cated at the Lycée of St. Omer. He was admitted to the bar in 1864 and in 1870 became substitut du tribunal de la Seine. In 1878 he was appointed by M. Dufaure secretary-general of the ministry of jus- C-Cyc tice and in the same year was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. In 1890 he became_minister for foreign affairs in M. de Freycinet's cabinet and continued in that position for three years. During his tenure of office the alliance between France and Russia was concluded. He was president of the cabinet during the stormy period of the Panama case and became for the second time Prime Minister after the resignation of M. Casimir-Périer, and SO continued till 1914. He was Minister of Finance during the greater period of the war, 1914- 1917, and became premier again in the latter year. He has opposed the policy of retaliation against the religious orders and his most important speeches have been delivered on finance, foreign affairs, and the question of freedom in teaching. He is a member of the Académie Française et Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. His works include: "Life of Lord Erskine," "Réforme de l'enseignement secondaire," "Discours politiques."
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DAVID, an English political economist; born in London, England, April 19, 1772. He stands next to Adam Smith (whose ideas he developed and systematized) in the British free-trade school of political science, and his writings have exerted a vast influence on all theories of political economy. After making his fortune in the Stock Exchange in London, he retired to devote himself to the study of mathematics, chemistry, etc. The first result of his studies was a tract entitled "The High Price of Bullion Proof of the Depreciation of a Bank Notes" (1809). In 1817 appeared his most important work, "The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation." Its leading feature was the theory of rent, now universally accepted that it represents the surplus earning power of better or more favorably situated land over that just good enough to be worth utilizing. He published in addition a number of essays on economics. His "Works" were edited by MacCulloch (1846). His "Letters to Malthus" were published in 1887. He died in Gatcomb Park, Gloucestershire, Sept. 11, 1823.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
re-kar'do, David (1772-1823), a celebrated political economist. He was a native of London. He belonged to an honorable family of Jewish bankers and received a commercial education. He alienated his parents by joining the Church of England and marrying a Protestant. His character and knowledge of the banking business, enabled him to amass a moderate fortune by the time he reached the age of twenty-five. He then abandoned the business and betook himself to the study of political and financial questions. He studied the works of Adam Smith and made the acquaintance of James Mill, the father of John Stuart Mill. He was a member of a circle of thinkers and writers who studied social and political questions. He contributed to the periodicals of the day, and wrote also a number of works of a serious nature. He is best known by his chief work, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, which appeared in 1817. At the present time the name of Ricardo is still prominent in the history of political economy. In 1819 he entered Parliament, in which body he became a distinguished advocate of free trade . His fundamental doctrine is the theory that selling price is determined ultimately by the cost of production.
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
a monkish chronicler of the 14th century, sometimes called the Monk of Westminster. He entered the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter's, Westminster, England, residing in 1391 he visited Rome. He was the there during the remainder of his life; author the year 1348. The so-called Itinerary of a Latin history of England to of Richard "On the Situation of Britain" (1758), formerly much referred to as an authority on Roman Britain, was forgery perpetrated by Dr. C. J. Bera tram, of Copenhagen. Richard died in his monastery about 1401.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
BARON BETTINO, an Italian statesman; born in Florence, March 9, 1809; studied at Pisa and Florence; was one of the best agriculturists in Italy; wrote books on the cultivation of the vine, the olive, and the mulberry, and for 10 years worked successfully at the drainage of the Tuscan Maremma. In 1859 he took a prominent part in opposing the government of the grand duke and when the latter fled Ricasoli was made dictator of Tuscany. He la- Vol 8 bored with great energy for the unity of Italy, and when that end was accomplished was by Victor Emmanuel appointed governor-general of Tuscany. On the death of Cavour (1861) he was called to the head of the ministry; but his government was undermined by Rattazzi, and he resigned in March, 1862. Ricasoli returned to power in June, 1866, but was again obliged to retire in April of the following year. At the same time he withdrew altogether from public life. He died in Rome, Oct. 23, 1880. Five volumes of his "Letters and Papers" were published by Tabarrini and Gotti at Florence in 1886-1895.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia