Retz (II)
JEAN FRANÇOIS PAUL DE GONDI, a French prelate; born in Montmirail-en-Brie, France, in October, 1614. He became coadjutor to his uncle, the Archbishop of Paris; and, after many intrigues, and fighting several duels, he was made Archbishop of Corinth, and cardinal. He conspired against the life of Cardinal Richelieu, and took a prominent part in opposing Mazarin during the minority of Louis XIV. At length Mazarin, who both hated and feared him, imprisoned him in the castle of Vincennes, then at Nantes, whence he escaped, and traveled through Holland, Flanders, and England. In 1675 he wished to give up his cardinal's hat, and retire from the world, but the Pope would not receive it. He was daring, turbulent, and intriguing; and in his "Memoirs" he has drawn his own portrait with considerable skill and impartiality. He died in Paris, Aug. 24, 1679.
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Reuchlin
JOHANN, a German scholar; born in Pforzheim, Baden, Feb. 22, 1455. He studied at Freiburg, the University of Paris, Basel, and where, where, and became familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He was patronized by several of the German princes, and was engaged on various political missions. From 1502 to 1513 he was president of the Suabian federal court. His opposition to the proposal to burn all Hebrew books except the Bible raised a host of fanatical enemies against him, but did him no harm. In 1519 he was appointed professor at Ingolstadt; in 1521 the plague drove him to Stuttgart. During a great part of his life Reuchlin was the real center of all Greek and Hebrew teaching in Germany. Several of his works had considerable popularity in their time. He sympathized deeply with Luther and the Reformation, but maintained his connection with the Roman Catholic Church to the last. He died near Hirschau, Bavaria, June 30, 1522.
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Reunion
formerly BOURBON, an island in the Indian ocean, between Mauritius and Madagascar, 115 miles from the first; area, 970 square miles. Pop. about 174,000. Capital, St. Denis (pop. about 25,000). It was annexed by France in 1649, and is an important French colony, now represented in the French Parliament by one senator and two deputies. It is very mountainous, the Piton des Neiges reaching a height of 10,069 feet, and the Piton de la Fournaise, an active volcano, of 8,713 feet. The soil produces tropical products, sugar being the principal crop. Coffee, cloves and vanilla are also grown. Destructive hurricanes are frequent. There are no natural harbors, but an artificial harbor has been constructed at Pointe des Galets, at the N. W. side of the island.
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Reus
a town of Spain; 58 miles S. W. of Barcelona and 4 N. of its seaport, Salou. The prosperity of the place dates from about 1750, when a number of English merchants settled there. It is a busy sy center of the cotton, silk, and silk ribbon industries, prepares wine, and manufactures soap, brandy, and leather. Pop. about 26,000.
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Reuss (Tributary of the Aar)
a tributary of the Aar in Switzerland, rising on the N. face of the St. Gothard, flowing N. past Andermatt and Amsteg, between which places its bed lies at the bottom of a wild and narrow gorge, spanned by the Devil's Bridge and other wonders of Swiss roadmaking, and entering the S. end of the Lake of Lucerne. This it leaves again at its N. end, at the town of Lucerne, and, still going nearly due N., reaches the Aar near Windisch (Aargau). Its length is 90 miles; its basin, 1,317 square miles.
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Reuterdahl
HENRY, an American naval artist, born in Sweden in 1871. He saw the intimate incidents of the Spanish-American War as a correspondent, in which capacity he also served during the World War. The variety of his experience has added notably to his equipment as a marine artist. In 1913 he was attached to the battleship "Minnesota" on the South American cruise and he has had ten paintings hung in the permanent collection at the United States Naval Academy. He was the author of "Needs of the Navy" (1908), which precipitated a Senate investigation on account of its revelation of weakness present in the bureaucratic administration then in vogue in the service. He has been an instructor at the Art Students' League of New York and was the creator of many marine murals upon the better known private American yachts. He contributed many articles on naval topics, mostly illustrated by himself, to magazines, notably to "Collier's Weekly," etc.
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Reutlingen
a town of Württemberg; 8 miles E. by S. of Tübingen and 20 20 S. of Stuttgart. Many of its houses. are old and picturesque. picturesque. The Church of St. Mary (1247-1343), with a tower 243 feet high, is a noble Gothic edifice. Prior to the World War woolen and cotton yarns were spun, and cloth, leather, cutlery, hosiery, paper, etc., were manufactured. Reutlingen was formerly a free imperial town and a member of the Suabian League; it came to Württemberg in 1802. Pop. about 30,000.
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Reval
or REVEL, a Russian seaport; capital of the Republic of Esthonia (q. v.); on a small bay on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland, opposite Helsingfors (52 miles distant), and 232 miles W. S. W. of St. Petersburg. It is divided into the (old) upper and (new) lower towns. The former contains the cathedral, the castle, governor's residence, and the houses of the (German) nobility. The new town extends outside the city wall. There are several medieval guild houses, in some of which are preserved valuable archives, and an important museum of antiquities. Prio to the World War, Reval exported cereal. (chiefly oats), spirits, flax, and other commodities. There was little industry, brandy, vinegar, and wool being manufactured to a small extent. Pop. (1910) 98,995. More than one-half were Es thonians, and nearly one-fourth of German descent. Reval was founded by Waldemar II. of Denmark in 1219, and became a flourishing Hanse town. It was long held (from 1346) by the Livonian Knights, was made over to Sweden in 1561, and was besieged by Peter the Great and annexed to the Russian Ru empire in 1710. In 1713 a naval harbor was founded. In the course of the World War Reval was bombarded by the Germans on different occasions. REVEILLÉ, the signal given in garrisons at break of day, by beat of drum or sound of bugle, for the soldiers to rise and the sentinels to forbear challenging until the retreat is sounded in the evening.
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