Roasting
the cooking of meat by by the direct action of fire that is, by dry heat, either before the fire or in an oven. Roasting before an open fire is considered preferable to roasting in an oven (which is analogous to baking ), on account of the free ventilation to which it exposes the meat during the process. The apparatus in most kitchens for open roasting are a fire, a spit, a contrivance for turning the meat to present all sides of it alternately to the fire, a screen to economize the heat, and a saucepan to catch the dripping.
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Roasting Ores
Ores are roasted in order to separate the volatile bodies from those which are more fixed, and is generally performed in a current of air so as to effect simultaneous oxidation. See ORES; WEATHERING ORES.
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Robbery
the unlawful taking away money of or goods of any value from the person of another , or in his presence, either by violence or by putting him in fear. Hence, in order to constitute robbery, there must be: (1) An unlawful taking. ( 2) The thing must be of some value, but it is immaterial, as constituting the offense, whether it be a cent or a dollar. (3) The taking must be by force, or a previous putting in fear. It is this last which distinguishes robbery from other larcenies , and makes the violation of the person more atrocious than private stealing. The taking must also be either directly from the person or in his presence, or it is not robbery. The thing taken must have been in the possession of the thief, and if he once has it in his on, possession, even though he immediately restore it , he is still guilty of robbery. In the United States robbery is punishable according to the laws of the various States.
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Robbia
LUCA DELLA, an Italian sculptor; born in Florence in 1399 1400. He designed and executed between or 1431 and 1440 10 panels of "Angels and Dancing Boys" for the cathedral. Another great work by him was a bronze door, with 10 panels of figures in relief for the sacristy of the cathedral, made between 1448 and 1467. In marble he sculptured, in 1457-1458 Federighi, Bishop of Fiesole (now in the , the tomb of church of San Francesco outside the city). His name is closely associated with the production of figures in glazed or enameled terra cotta, by a process he perfected. Among the works of this kind are many medallions polychrome, and reliefs. He died in , some white, some Florence, Feb. 20, 1482. His principal pup pupil was his nephew 1525), who worked chiefly at the produc- ANDREA (1435tion of enameled reliefs, retables, and medallions, these last for the most part productions of the "Madonna and Child." Nearly all his works were of religious subjects ; they were made chiefly for Florence, Arezzo, and Prato. His son GIOVANNI (1469-1529?) continued the activity of his best productions are the frieze, repthe family in this style of work; resenting outside a hospital at Pistoja, and a founthe "Seven Works of Mercy," tain in the sacristy of St. Maria Novella in Florence.
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Robbins
HOWARD an American Protestant Episcopal clergy- CHANDLER, man, born pal cler at Philadelphia, in 1876. He was educated at Yale University, Princeton Theological Seminary, and the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. He became a deacon in 1903 and a priest in 1904. he was curate at St. Peter's Church, Mor- From 1903 to 1905 ristown, N. J.; from 1905 to 1911, rector of St. Paul's Church, Englewood, N. J.; and from 1911 to 1917 rector of the Church of the Incarnation, New York. In 1917 he became dean of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City.
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Robeck
VICE- JOHN MICHAEL DE, a British naval ADMIRAL, SIR officer. He was born in 1862 and was educated on the training ship, Britannia. In 1875 he entered the Royal Navy as cadet and became lieutenant in 1885. In 1897 he was made commander, in 1902 captain , and in 1911 rear-admiral. He was Admiral of Patrols in 1912-14. During the World War he commanded the Naval Force in the Dardanelles at the time the Expeditionary Force was landed in 1915 and was mentioned in despatches. In 1917 he was made vice-admiral. He was for a time Inspector of Boys' Training Establishments. During 1919 he was ing Esta Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean.
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Robert of Gloucester
an English chronicler, living at the time of the battle of Evesham (1265). He is remarkable for a metrical chronicle of England, from the time of the fabulous Brut to his own, based chiefly upon Geoffrey of Monmouth's book. It extends to 10,000 lines, and is one of the earliest epics of the English language. It was printed by Thomas Hearne in 1724.
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Robert, Charles George Douglas
Charles George Douglas (1860-) a Canadian author. He was born at Douglas, New Brunswick . In 1883 he became editor of a Toronto paper and later professor of English and French literature in King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia . He has written acceptable verse and many volumes of prose. He is best known for his stories of animal life in the northern forests. His books include Kindred of the Wild, Forge in the Forest, Haunters of the Silences, Heart of the Ancient Wood, and Songs of the Common Day.
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Roberts
ELLIS HENRY, an American journalist and financier, born in Utica, N. Y., in 1827. He graduated from Yale University in 1850, and in the following year became editor and proprietor of the Utica Morning Herald. He was a member of the State Legislature in 1866, and was elected to Congress in 1871, serving until 1875. From 1889 to 1893 he was Assistant Treasurer of the United States, and Treasurer of the United States from 1897 to 1905. He wrote "Government Revenue" (1888); "New York, the Planting and Growth of the Empire State" (1887; 1904). He died in 1918.
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Roberts (IV)
KENNETH LEWIS, an American author, born at Kennebunk, Me., in 1885. He was educated at Cornell University. Having served as editor-in-chief of the "Cornell Widow" during his under-graduate days; he became a contributor of fiction, special articles, light verse, etc., to "Life," "Puck," and many other periodicals. In 1916-17 he was on the editorial staff of "Puck." During the World War he served first as a captain of the Military Intelligence Division and later with the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia.
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