Each of these 15 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
Germany, capital of the former principality of Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt (now part of the federated State of Thuringia), situated on the Saale, 18 miles S. of Weimar. It is famous for its manufacturies of fine porcelains, pianos, toys and chemicals. Pop. about 13,000.
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the genus Ruta. The common rue is R. graveolens, a half-shrubby plant, of a fetid odor and an acrid taste. The bluish - green leaves are pinnate, the flowers yellow; a native of southern Europe, but grown in gardens in the East and West Indies, the United States, etc. Rue oil is a powerful topical stimulant, an anti-spasmodic and an emmenagogue. It is used internally in flatulent colic, hysteria, epilepsy, etc., and as an enema, and externally as a rubefacient.
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the Machetes pugnax, a biro that is a spring and summer visitor in north Europe, having its winter home in snipe; Africa. It is rather larger than a general plumage ash-brown, spotted or mottled with black, but no two specimens are alike. In the breeding season the RUFF neck is surrounded by a frill or ruff of numerous long black feathers, glossed with purple, and barred with chestnut. While probably serving primarily as an this frill acts attraction to the hen birds, also as a shield, when furious battles take place between them for the possession of the females, which are called reeves. The nest is usually of coarse grass, in a moist, swampy place; the eggs four in number. Also a breed of the Jacobin.
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in ichthyology, the Acerina cernua, from the rivers of Europe. It is olive-green, marbled and spotted with brown, and resembles the perch in habits. The name is said to be derived from the harsh sensation caused by its ctenoid scales.
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Bonasa umbellus, North American species of grouse a of the same genus as the hazel grouse of Europe. It is named from the tufts of quents forests and thickets.
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or LUFIJI, a river of eastern Africa which rises to the N. E. of Lake Nyassa, and enters the Indian Ocean opposite the island of Mafia.
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ARNOLD, a German publicist; born in Bergen, Island of Rügen, Prussia, Sept. 13, 1802, or 1803. He embraced the doctrines of Hegel, and wrote philosophical criticisms in the Halle Year Book. He joined Karl Marx in Paris, and published with him the "German-French Year Books" (1843-1845). After the suppression of the paper which he started in Berlin, called "Reform," he went to London and formed, in connection with Ledru- Rollin and Mazzini, the European Democratic Committee. Among his works are: "Two Years in Paris" (1 ( 1845) Pictures" (1847); "Political Pictures" ; "Poetic (1848); "Our System" (1850); "In Former Times" (1862-1867); and "Manifesto of the German People." He died in Brighton, England, Dec. 31, 1880. RÜGEN (rü'gen), an island in the Baltic Sea, belonging to Prussia, near the coast of Pomerania; area, 377 square miles; exceedingly irregular in shape. The surface is fertile, undulating, and in many places covered with beautiful beech forests. The Stubbenkammer, a sheer chalk cliff (400 feet high) at the N. E. extremity, is frequently visited. The capital is Bergen. Many of the coast villages are popular sea-bathing resorts. From 1648 till 1815 Rügen belonged to Sweden. Pop. about 50,000.
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THOMAS HOWARD, an American military officer; born in Lima, N. Y., April 2, 1833; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1854; studied law and practiced in Janesville, Wis., in 1855-1861; became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Wisconsin regiment in June, 1861; won distinction in numerous engagements during the Civil War; suppressed the draft riots in New York City in 1863; was brevetted Major-General of volunteers, Nov. 30, 1864; promoted colonel, U. S. A., in 1867; brigadier- Vol 8 general in 1886; and major-general in signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty 1895. He died June 3, 1907.
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in zoölogy, a group of Madreporaria; corallum sclerodermic with a true theca; generally both tubulæ and septa combined; septa generally some multiple of four, but with one or three prominent, or with a small channel; simple or con pound corals represented in the modern seas only by two genera, one from the Mediterranean, the other from Florida. Families: Stauride, Cyathaxonidæ, Cyathophyllidæ, and Cystiphyllidæ. Also found in the Palæozoic rocks, the Upper Greensand, and the Tertiary. They were reef-builders.
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a river of Prussia, that joins the Rhine at Ruhrort, about 15 miles N. of Düsseldorf. It rises in Westphalia, and has a tortuous course of about 200 miles, latterly through the Ruhr coal field region.
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JUAN (rö-ēth') a Spanish poet of the 14th century, known as "Archpriest of Hita"; born in Alcala or Guadalajara in 1300. He is the most original of mediæval Spanish poets, and has left a poem on love and women which is in reality a text-book for the man who wishes to become a successful lover. It is interspersed with songs, the best of which are the "Song of Scholars" and "Song of the Blind." He died about 1351.
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the official designation of regulations adopted by national or international authorities for the management of vessels in storms, fogs, or other danger. Under act of the United States Congress, in 1896, the rules already established were considerably changed to comport with the schedule to be observed by b vessels of all civilized nations on and after July 1, 1897. These rules apply also to inland waters, excepting the Great Lakes, for which a special set has been devised.
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EAST. See BULGARIA.
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dock; a genus of Polygonex; sepals six, the three inner ones enlarging; petals none; stamens six, styles three, stigma multified; achene triquetrous, cov ered by the enlarged inner sepals, the lat ter often tuberculate. There are about 50 known species; generally distributed.
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the act of chewing the cud. The food of the ruminants is grass, which requires a longer series of chemical changes to convert a portion of it into blood than does the flesh of other animals eaten by the Carnivora. To produce these changes there is a complex stomach divided into four parts, the rumen or paunch, the reticulum or honey comb bag, the psalterium or manyplies, and the abomasum or reed. A ruminant does not chew the fodder which it eats, but simply swallows it. When it has had enough it retires to a quiet spot, forces up again to the mouth a portion of the food in its paunch, thoroughly chews it and then swallows it again. Another and another bolus is thus disposed of. Each of these, started from the paunch, is forced next into the honeycomb bag, where it receives its form, and then goes which his name is generally associated. up the gullet. On returning it passes His works include: "Essays: Political, direct from the paunch into the manyplies or third stomach, and thence to the abomasum. Fluids may pass directly into any part of the stomach.
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