Runciman
RIGHT HON. WAL- TER, a British public official. He was born at South Shields, England, in 1870, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became connected with several shipping organizations and from 1896 to 1905 was a managing director of the Moor Line of cargo steamships. In 1898 he contested Gravesend for a seat in the House of Commons, and in the following year was elected to represent Oldham as a liberal. In 1902 he was elected M. P. for Dewsbury, and represented that constituency till 1916. In 1905-7 he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board; 1907-8, Financial Secretary to the Treasury; 1908-11, President of the Board of Education; 1914-16, President of the Board of Trade.
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Runcinate
in botany (of a leaf): hook-backed; curved in a direction from the apex to the base, having the points of the great central lobes reflexed, as the leaves of Taraxacum officinale. RUNES. In the Scandinavian lands, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, thousands of inscriptions have been found written in the ancient alphabet of the heathen Northmen. Similar records are scattered sparsely and sporadically over the regions which were overrun or settled by the Baltic tribes between the 2d century and the 10th. A few are found in Kent, England, which was conquered by. the Jutes, others in Cumberland, Dumfriesshire, Orkney, and the Isle of Man, which were occupied by the Norwegians, and in Yorkshire, which was settled by the Angles. One or two have been found in the valley of the Danube, which was the earliest halting-place of the Goths in their migration S.; and there is reason to believe that a similar alphabet was used by the Visigoths and Burgundians in Spain and France, while it is noteworthy that there is no trace of this writing having been used in Germany or by the Saxons and Franks. There are several interesting runic inscriptions in England, among which may be mentioned that on the Ruthwell cross in Dumfriesshire, and that on the Bewcastle cross in Cumberland. Several crosses in the Isle of Man are carved with the old Irish interlaced ornaments, and are in the form of the old Irish cross. See ALPHABET.
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Runeberg, John Ludvig
roo'ne-berg, John Ludvig (1804-1877), a Swedish poet. He was a native of Finland, but, as he wrote in the Swedish language, he is counted as a Swedish poet. Runeberg was the son of a poor merchant captain. He attended school at Wasa and then went to the University of Abo, where he gave private lessons to pay his expenses. His first volume of poems was published in 1830. It comprises a number of lyrics and one long poem, Nights of Jealousy. He was about this time appointed docent at the university now located at Helsingfors, Abo having been burned. He was founder and editor of a successful journal, Helsingfors Morganblad. In 1837 he accepted the position of lector at the gymnasium in Borga, where he subsequently resided. Runeberg published several volumes of poems, and others were published after his death. An epic, Elgskyttarne (The Elk Hunters), and Julqvallen (Christmas Eve) are among them. As a poet Runeberg's rank is high. His verse is strong and in many instances solemn. Something of the picturesque but melancholy wildness of his native land seems to have crept into his poetry, which shows also deep feeling for the sufferings and the wrongs of his own people. Certain critics mention Runeberg's as the greatest name in Swedish literature .
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Runner
A foundry term synonymous with "gate," and of general application to almost every system adopted by moulders for leading the fluid metal into moulds. For instance, the metal enters the mould by the runner; a basin is termed runner-basin; and there is the drop-runner, the side-runner, the fountain-runner, the spray-runner, etc. The channel-basin for pouring open-sand work, and every variety of pattern for forming passage-ways in the sand or loam for the metal to course through--all in their respective localities, are recognized as runners. See GATE; BASIN; DROP-RUNNER, FOUNTAIN-RUNNER, etc.
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Runnimede
a long stretch of green meadow, lying along the right bank of the Thames, 1 mile above Staines and 36 miles by river W. S. W. of London. Here, or on Charta Island, a little way off the shore MAGNA CHARTA (q. v.) was signed by King John, June 15, 1215. In the document the king states that it was signed "by "by our hands in the meadow which is called Runnimede."
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Running-through
A rather questionable method in some foundries of trying to produce clean sound castings by forcing more or less fluid metal through the mould and out at the riser after the mould is full. If the mould manifests a condition of unrest by voiding air or steam, which should have been carried away in a more legitimate manner by the process of venting, it is well to continue the pouring slowly in order to compensate for what is thrown out at the gates and risers; beyond this it is simply waste, as neither dirt nor gas, remote from the risers, will be favorably affected by such a method, no matter how long the process is continued. The value of running through into built-up risers accrues from the increased pressure exerted on the casting. See CUT-OFF; RISER. Run-up.--A foundry term, signifying that the mould is full of molten metal. If there should be any lacking, it is then called "short-run." See SHORT-RUN.
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Runnymede
or Runnimede, a meadow on the south or left bank of the Thames. It is situated in Surrey about twenty-one miles above London and a few miles below Windsor Castle. Runnymede is famous in English history as the place where the powerful barons of King John forced him to sign Magna Charta .
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Rupecissa, Johannes de
This alchemist was an ancestor of Montfauçon, the distinguished archæologist, and his name Russia suggests that he was a man of gentle birth, while it is commonly supposed that he was a French monk of the order of St. Francis, and it is reported that in 1357, presumably on account of his alchemistic predilections, he was imprisoned by Pope Innocent VI. Rupecissa contributed four volumes to the literature of hermetic philosophy: Coelum Philosophorum, Paris 1543, De Quinta Essentia Rerum Omniam, Basle 1561, De Secretis Alchemiæ, Cologne 1579, Livre de Lumière, Paris, n.d.; and these were admired by a number of the author's successors, but their value is really literary rather than scientific.
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