Ruff
the Machetes pugnax, a biro that is a spring and summer visitor in north Europe, having its winter home in snipe; Africa. It is rather larger than a general plumage ash-brown, spotted or mottled with black, but no two specimens are alike. In the breeding season the RUFF neck is surrounded by a frill or ruff of numerous long black feathers, glossed with purple, and barred with chestnut. While probably serving primarily as an this frill acts attraction to the hen birds, also as a shield, when furious battles take place between them for the possession of the females, which are called reeves. The nest is usually of coarse grass, in a moist, swampy place; the eggs four in number. Also a breed of the Jacobin.
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Ruffe
in ichthyology, the Acerina cernua, from the rivers of Europe. It is olive-green, marbled and spotted with brown, and resembles the perch in habits. The name is said to be derived from the harsh sensation caused by its ctenoid scales.
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Ruffed Grouse
Bonasa umbellus, North American species of grouse a of the same genus as the hazel grouse of Europe. It is named from the tufts of quents forests and thickets.
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Rufiji
or LUFIJI, a river of eastern Africa which rises to the N. E. of Lake Nyassa, and enters the Indian Ocean opposite the island of Mafia.
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Rugby
a market town of England. It is situated pleasantly on the Avon a few miles northeast of the Shakespeare region. It is noted as the seat of the Rugby public school, a university preparatory school for the sons of wealthy families. The school was founded in 1567 by a wealthy London merchant. The principal buildings are Elizabethan in style and form an imposing quadrangle. The football and cricket grounds for which Rugby is noted lie in a beautiful park of eleven acres. Rugby football rules originated here. The school accommodates about 500 students. The school attained prominence under the headmastership of Thomas Arnold. Among his successors were Archbishop Tait and Dean Bradley of Westminster. Matthew Arnold, Dean Stanley, Landor, Clough, and Thomas Hughes, the author of Tom Brown at Rugby, were Rugby students. See Arnold ; Hughes
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Rugby (Former town in Morgan co Tenn)
a former town in Morgan co., Tenn.; about 114 miles N. of Chattanooga; on the Cumberland plateau; is in a rich mining and agricultural region. It owes its existence to a series of public lectures delivered in the United States by Thomas Hughes of England. It was settled by a company from England in 1880, who bought a large tract of land, and the settlement was made with impressive ceremonies. The town was laid out in building sites, farms, parks, etc.; several industries were introduced, but the scheme never realized the expectations of its projectors; and the place is now only classed as a health resort.
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Ruge
ARNOLD, a German publicist; born in Bergen, Island of Rügen, Prussia, Sept. 13, 1802, or 1803. He embraced the doctrines of Hegel, and wrote philosophical criticisms in the Halle Year Book. He joined Karl Marx in Paris, and published with him the "German-French Year Books" (1843-1845). After the suppression of the paper which he started in Berlin, called "Reform," he went to London and formed, in connection with Ledru- Rollin and Mazzini, the European Democratic Committee. Among his works are: "Two Years in Paris" (1 ( 1845) Pictures" (1847); "Political Pictures" ; "Poetic (1848); "Our System" (1850); "In Former Times" (1862-1867); and "Manifesto of the German People." He died in Brighton, England, Dec. 31, 1880. RÜGEN (rü'gen), an island in the Baltic Sea, belonging to Prussia, near the coast of Pomerania; area, 377 square miles; exceedingly irregular in shape. The surface is fertile, undulating, and in many places covered with beautiful beech forests. The Stubbenkammer, a sheer chalk cliff (400 feet high) at the N. E. extremity, is frequently visited. The capital is Bergen. Many of the coast villages are popular sea-bathing resorts. From 1648 till 1815 Rügen belonged to Sweden. Pop. about 50,000.
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Ruger
THOMAS HOWARD, an American military officer; born in Lima, N. Y., April 2, 1833; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1854; studied law and practiced in Janesville, Wis., in 1855-1861; became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Wisconsin regiment in June, 1861; won distinction in numerous engagements during the Civil War; suppressed the draft riots in New York City in 1863; was brevetted Major-General of volunteers, Nov. 30, 1864; promoted colonel, U. S. A., in 1867; brigadier- Vol 8 general in 1886; and major-general in signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty 1895. He died June 3, 1907.
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Rugosa
in zoölogy, a group of Madreporaria; corallum sclerodermic with a true theca; generally both tubulæ and septa combined; septa generally some multiple of four, but with one or three prominent, or with a small channel; simple or con pound corals represented in the modern seas only by two genera, one from the Mediterranean, the other from Florida. Families: Stauride, Cyathaxonidæ, Cyathophyllidæ, and Cystiphyllidæ. Also found in the Palæozoic rocks, the Upper Greensand, and the Tertiary. They were reef-builders.
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Ruhr
a river of Prussia, that joins the Rhine at Ruhrort, about 15 miles N. of Düsseldorf. It rises in Westphalia, and has a tortuous course of about 200 miles, latterly through the Ruhr coal field region.
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Ruiz
JUAN (rö-ēth') a Spanish poet of the 14th century, known as "Archpriest of Hita"; born in Alcala or Guadalajara in 1300. He is the most original of mediæval Spanish poets, and has left a poem on love and women which is in reality a text-book for the man who wishes to become a successful lover. It is interspersed with songs, the best of which are the "Song of Scholars" and "Song of the Blind." He died about 1351.
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Rules of the Road
the official designation of regulations adopted by national or international authorities for the management of vessels in storms, fogs, or other danger. Under act of the United States Congress, in 1896, the rules already established were considerably changed to comport with the schedule to be observed by b vessels of all civilized nations on and after July 1, 1897. These rules apply also to inland waters, excepting the Great Lakes, for which a special set has been devised.
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