Rum
a distilled liquor, akin to whiskey. It is prepared from the fermented juice of the sugar-cane or from molasses. The sugar growers of the West Indies save all the skimmings from the evaporators in which sugar is made. It makes the highest priced quality of rum. In colonial days rum was an important article of New England trade. The slavers of Liverpool, too, used to set out with a stock of beads and gewgaws to be exchanged for slaves on the African coast. The slaves were sold in our Southern States and the proceeds were invested in Jamaica rum for a home cargo. In this way three profits were made in a single trip. In 1902 Cuba exported 1,308,634 gallons of rum. In the same year Great Britain imported over a million dollars' worth of rum from her West India possessions. Rum is distilled largely in New England also. See Alcohol ; Distilling
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Rum
a spirit distilled chiefly in the West Indies from the fermented skimmings of the sugar-boilers and molasses, together with sufficient cane-juice to impart the necessary flavor. Its peculiar flavor is due to butyric ether. Caramel is added for coloring.
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Rum
a mountainous island of Argyllshire, Scotland, belonging to the group of the Inner Hebrides, 15 miles N. by W. of Ardnamurchan Point. It is 8½ miles long, 8 miles broad, and 42 square miles in area, only 300 acres being arable, and the rest deer forest and moorland. The surface presents a mass of high sharppeaked mountains, rising in Halival and Haskeval to the height of 2,368 and 2,659 feet. In 1826 the crofters, numbering fully 400, were, all but one family, cleared off to America, and Rum was converted into a single sheep farm; but in 1845 it was sold (as again in 1888) for a deer forest. European kingdom.
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Rumelia
EAST. See BULGARIA.
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Rumex
dock; a genus of Polygonex; sepals six, the three inner ones enlarging; petals none; stamens six, styles three, stigma multified; achene triquetrous, cov ered by the enlarged inner sepals, the lat ter often tuberculate. There are about 50 known species; generally distributed.
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Rumination
the act of chewing the cud. The food of the ruminants is grass, which requires a longer series of chemical changes to convert a portion of it into blood than does the flesh of other animals eaten by the Carnivora. To produce these changes there is a complex stomach divided into four parts, the rumen or paunch, the reticulum or honey comb bag, the psalterium or manyplies, and the abomasum or reed. A ruminant does not chew the fodder which it eats, but simply swallows it. When it has had enough it retires to a quiet spot, forces up again to the mouth a portion of the food in its paunch, thoroughly chews it and then swallows it again. Another and another bolus is thus disposed of. Each of these, started from the paunch, is forced next into the honeycomb bag, where it receives its form, and then goes which his name is generally associated. up the gullet. On returning it passes His works include: "Essays: Political, direct from the paunch into the manyplies or third stomach, and thence to the abomasum. Fluids may pass directly into any part of the stomach.
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Runciman
RIGHT HON. WAL- TER, a British public official. He was born at South Shields, England, in 1870, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became connected with several shipping organizations and from 1896 to 1905 was a managing director of the Moor Line of cargo steamships. In 1898 he contested Gravesend for a seat in the House of Commons, and in the following year was elected to represent Oldham as a liberal. In 1902 he was elected M. P. for Dewsbury, and represented that constituency till 1916. In 1905-7 he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board; 1907-8, Financial Secretary to the Treasury; 1908-11, President of the Board of Education; 1914-16, President of the Board of Trade.
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Runeberg, John Ludvig
roo'ne-berg, John Ludvig (1804-1877), a Swedish poet. He was a native of Finland, but, as he wrote in the Swedish language, he is counted as a Swedish poet. Runeberg was the son of a poor merchant captain. He attended school at Wasa and then went to the University of Abo, where he gave private lessons to pay his expenses. His first volume of poems was published in 1830. It comprises a number of lyrics and one long poem, Nights of Jealousy. He was about this time appointed docent at the university now located at Helsingfors, Abo having been burned. He was founder and editor of a successful journal, Helsingfors Morganblad. In 1837 he accepted the position of lector at the gymnasium in Borga, where he subsequently resided. Runeberg published several volumes of poems, and others were published after his death. An epic, Elgskyttarne (The Elk Hunters), and Julqvallen (Christmas Eve) are among them. As a poet Runeberg's rank is high. His verse is strong and in many instances solemn. Something of the picturesque but melancholy wildness of his native land seems to have crept into his poetry, which shows also deep feeling for the sufferings and the wrongs of his own people. Certain critics mention Runeberg's as the greatest name in Swedish literature .
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Runner
A foundry term synonymous with "gate," and of general application to almost every system adopted by moulders for leading the fluid metal into moulds. For instance, the metal enters the mould by the runner; a basin is termed runner-basin; and there is the drop-runner, the side-runner, the fountain-runner, the spray-runner, etc. The channel-basin for pouring open-sand work, and every variety of pattern for forming passage-ways in the sand or loam for the metal to course through--all in their respective localities, are recognized as runners. See GATE; BASIN; DROP-RUNNER, FOUNTAIN-RUNNER, etc.
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Runnimede
a long stretch of green meadow, lying along the right bank of the Thames, 1 mile above Staines and 36 miles by river W. S. W. of London. Here, or on Charta Island, a little way off the shore MAGNA CHARTA (q. v.) was signed by King John, June 15, 1215. In the document the king states that it was signed "by "by our hands in the meadow which is called Runnimede."
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