Running-through
A rather questionable method in some foundries of trying to produce clean sound castings by forcing more or less fluid metal through the mould and out at the riser after the mould is full. If the mould manifests a condition of unrest by voiding air or steam, which should have been carried away in a more legitimate manner by the process of venting, it is well to continue the pouring slowly in order to compensate for what is thrown out at the gates and risers; beyond this it is simply waste, as neither dirt nor gas, remote from the risers, will be favorably affected by such a method, no matter how long the process is continued. The value of running through into built-up risers accrues from the increased pressure exerted on the casting. See CUT-OFF; RISER. Run-up.--A foundry term, signifying that the mould is full of molten metal. If there should be any lacking, it is then called "short-run." See SHORT-RUN.
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Runnymede
or Runnimede, a meadow on the south or left bank of the Thames. It is situated in Surrey about twenty-one miles above London and a few miles below Windsor Castle. Runnymede is famous in English history as the place where the powerful barons of King John forced him to sign Magna Charta .
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Rupecissa, Johannes de
This alchemist was an ancestor of Montfauçon, the distinguished archæologist, and his name Russia suggests that he was a man of gentle birth, while it is commonly supposed that he was a French monk of the order of St. Francis, and it is reported that in 1357, presumably on account of his alchemistic predilections, he was imprisoned by Pope Innocent VI. Rupecissa contributed four volumes to the literature of hermetic philosophy: Coelum Philosophorum, Paris 1543, De Quinta Essentia Rerum Omniam, Basle 1561, De Secretis Alchemiæ, Cologne 1579, Livre de Lumière, Paris, n.d.; and these were admired by a number of the author's successors, but their value is really literary rather than scientific.
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Rupert of Bavaria
PRINCE, an English military officer; born in Prague, Bohemia, Dec. 17, 1619. He was the third son of Frederick V., elector palatine and King of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England. After some military experience on the Continent he went to England to assist his uncle, Charles I., and in 1642 was made general of the horse. He distinguished himself at Edgehill and Chalgrove, captured Birmingham and Lichfield in 1642, and Bristol in 1643, and displayed his courage at Marston Moor and Naseby in 1645. His feeble defense of Bristol against Fairfax involved him in temporary disgrace with Charles; but in 1648 he was made admiral of the English royalist fleet. He carried on a predatory naval war against Parliament, in European waters, till Blake forced him to escape to the West Indies, where he preyed on English and Spanish merchantmen. In 1653 he joined Charles II. at Versailles. After the Restoration he was appointed lord-high-admiral and served with Monk against the Dutch. He became governor of Windsor Castle, privy-councilor, etc. Many of his later years were devoted to scientific study. He introduced mezzotint engraving into England. As one of the founders and the first governor of the Hudson Bay Company his name was given to RUPERTS- LAND (q. v.). He died in London, Nov. 29, 1682, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
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Rupertsland
an extensive but indeterminate region in the interior of Canada, named in honor of Prince Rupert, and transferred to the Hudson Bay Company, of which that prince was one of the founders, by Charles II. in 1670. This region is now included in the Northwest Territories.
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Rupture
the breaking or laceration of the walls or continuity of an organ, especially of a viscus. Also, the popular name HERNIA (q. v.).
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Rurik
the founder of the Russian monarchy; flourished in the 9th century; he is generally considered to have been a Varangian of Scandinavian origin, and to have led a successful invasion against the Slavs of Novgorod about 862. He was assisted by his brothers, to whose territories he afterward succeeded. He died in 879, and his family reigned in Russia till the death, in 1598, of Feodor, son of Ivan the Terrible, when it was succeeded by the house of Romanoff. Many Russian families still claim a direct descent from Rurik.
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Rusa
a genus of Cervidæ, or a subgenus of Cervus, with several species, from the East Indies. They are generally from the East Indies. They are generally antlers, with a snag projecting in front just above the base of each. There are several species, of which the best known is R. aristotelis, the sambur.
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Rusalki
66 Rusalki, the lovely river nymph of Southern Russia seems to have been endowed with the beauty of person and the gentle characteristics of the Mermaids of Northern nations. Shy and benevolent, she lived on the small alluvial islands that stud the mighty rivers which drain this extensive and thinly-peopled country, or in the detached coppices that fringe their banks, in bowers wovèn of flowering reeds and green-willow-boughs; her pastime and occupation being to aid in secret the poor fishermen in their laborious and precarious calling. Little is known of these beautiful creatures as if the mystery and secrecy which was inculcated and enforced in all affairs of government in this country had been extended to its fairy faith. Even Keightley, so learned in fairy lore, knows little of Rusalki, and dismisses her with the following brief notice :- They are of a beautiful form, with long green hair; they swim and balance themselves on the branches of trees , bathe in the lakes and rivers, play on the surface of the water, and wring their locks on the green meads at the water's edge. It is chiefly at Whitsuntide that they appear; and the people then, singing and dancing, weave garlands for them, which they cast into the stream."
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Rush (RICHARD an American statesman)
RICHARD, an American statesman; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 29, 1780; son of the preceding. He was graduated at Princeton College in 1797; studied law in Philadelphia; was appointed attorney-general of Pennsylvania in 1811, and was attorney-general of the United States from 1814 to 1817. In 1817 he was temporary Secretary of State under President Monroe, and was by him appointed minister to England, from whence he was recalled in 1825 by President Adams, who made him Secretary of the Treasury. In 1828 he was candidate for the vice-presidency on the same ticket with President Adams, who was nominated for re-election, and received the same number of electoral votes. In 1836 President Jackson appointed him commissioner to obtain the Smithsonian legacy, then in the English Court of Chancery, in which he was successful, and returned in 1838 with the entire amount, $515,169. In 1847 he was appointed minister to France. At the close of President Polk's term he asked to be recalled and spent the rest of his life in retirement. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 30, 1859. He left "Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of St. James," two volumes (1833-1845); "Washington in Domestic Life" (1857); "Occasional Productions, Political, Diplomatic" (1860); etc.
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