Singapore (British dependency in Asia)
a British dependency in Asia, the most i important of the Straits Settlements; consisting of the islands of Singapore (27 miles long, 14 broad; area, 217 square miles), separated from the S. extremity of the Malay Peninsula by a strait only half a mile wide at its narrowest, and of a great number of very small islands along its shores. The surface is undulating, the highest point reaching 520 feet only. The climate is hot and moist, but the soil is not particularly fertile; nevertheless the island is perpet ually clothed with verdure, and yields good crops of coffee, pineapples, cocoanuts, aloes, and every kind of fruit, especially East Indian fruit (e. g., mangosteen and durian). Gambier, pepper, and nutmegs used formerly to be the staple crops; but all three are cultivated to a much smaller extent than formerly. This island was purchased in 1824 from the Sultan of Johore for $62,500, and a life rent of $25,000. Pop. of island (1919) 369,777.
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Singeing
sin'jing, in cloth making, the process of removing the nap or fuzz from the surface of textiles by means of heat. If fabrics are to be printed, singeing is a necessity. The cloth to be singed is first brought into contact with brushes which raise the loose nap. The cloth is then passed over and pressed against heavy platinum plates heated to almost white heat by electricity. Great care is taken that the cloth run smoothly, as any delay would result in its destruction. The cloth is passed over the plates so rapidly that about 125 yards are singed in one minute. Gas singeing is another method. In this, the cloth is drawn over a row of smokeless Bunsen gas flames. The process is called "gassing."
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Singer
ISIDORE, an American Jewish editor and author, born at Weisskirchen, Moravia, in 1859. He was educated in the universities of Vienna and Berlin, and for a time edited and published a newspaper in Vienna. He served as secretary and librarian of the French Ambassador at Vienna and afterward was an employee in the French Foreign Office. After editing papers in France and Italy, he came, in 1895, to New York, where he engaged upon his life work, the "Jewish Encyclopedia," which was published in 12 volumes, in 1905. He was managing editor of the "International Insurance Encyclopedia," in 1909, and of the "German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries," completed in 20 volumes, in 1914. He was the author and editor of many works and was considered to be one of the most learned men of his time.
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Single Standard
a phrase used in the discussion of BIMETALLISM (q. v.), to indicate a single standard of value; that is gold alone or silver alone. Double standard means the concurrent use of both metals as standards.
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Single-Beat Escapement
An escapement in which each tooth of the escape wheel delivers but one impulse, the entire space between one tooth and the next passing each time, as in the chronometer and duplex.
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Singleton
ESTHER, an American author, born at Baltimore, Md. She was educated at Baltimore. Her works include: "Turrets, Towers and Temples, دو "Great Pictures," "Wonders of Nature," "Romantic Castles and Palaces," "Famous Paintings," "Historic Buildings," "Famous Women," "Golden Rod Fairy Book," "A Guide to Modern Opera," "Furniture of Our Forefathers," "The Story of the White House," "A Guide to Great Cities," "History of American Music," "The Orchestra and Its Instruments."
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Singmaster
ELSIE (MRS. HAROLD LEWARS), an American author, born at Schuylkill Haven, Pa., in 1879. She was educated at Radcliffe College. Besides contributing short stories to many prominent magazines, she wrote: "When Sarah Saved the Day" (1909); "When Sarah Went to School" (1910); "Gettysburg- Stories of the Red Harvest and the Aftermath" (1913); "Katy Gaumer" (1914); "Emmeline" (1916); "The Long Journey" (1917); "Life of Martin Luther" (1917); "History "History of Lutheran Missions" (1917).
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Sinigaglia
or SENIGALLIA, a seaport on the Adriatic coast of Italy; 16 miles N. W. of Ancona; was down to 1869 celebrated for its annual fair, July 20 to Aug. 8. It was founded by the Senonian Gauls, and colonized by the Romans 289 b. c. There are here a cathedral (1787) and a palace of the dukes of Urbino. Pius IX. was born here.
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Sinking-head
So called because the molten metal falls or sinks out of it into the shrinking casting below. See FEEDING-HEAD; RISER. Sister Chains.-Two distinct pairs of foundry lifting-chains, having similar parts throughout, each one of which is an exact counterpart of the other--as, "sister buckle chains," sister sling chains," etc.
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Sinope
a town of tongue pro Asiatic Turkey; on a rocky rocky jecting into the Black Sea; 220 miles W. by N. of Trebizond. It has two harbors, one presenting the finest anchorage along the N. coast of Asiatic Turkey. The town is surrounded by ancient Byzantine walls, and has a ruined castle built under Byzantine influence. The bay was the scene of a naval engagement on Nov. 30, 1853, when a Turkish squadron was destroyed by the Russian fleet. The ancient city of Sinope was founded by a colony of Mile sian Greeks, and for several years shared with Byzantium the supremacy of the Euxine. It was made by Pharnaces the capital of the kingdom of Pontus in 183 B. C. The great Mithridates, who was born within its walls, raised it to a lofty pitch of splendor. But in 70 b. c. it capit ulated to Lucullus, and in 45 B. C. was made a Roman colony. ony. After belonging successively to the empire of Trebizond (from 1204) and the Seljuks, it was conquered by the Turks in 1461. Sinope was the birthplace of Diogenes the cynic. Pop. about 9,000.
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Sioux City
a city and county-seat of Woodbury co., Ia.; on the Missouri river, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, the Illinois Central, the Chicago and Northwestern, the Great Northern, and other railroads; 100 miles N. of Omaha. Here are Morningside College, Trinity College, a high school, college of medicine, a city normal school, St. Joseph, Samaritan, German Lutheran and St. Vincent hospitals, United States government building, public library, sanitariand ums, auditorium, waterworks, street railroad and electric light plants, several National and private banks, and numerous daily and weekly periodicals. The United States census for 1914 reported manufacturing establishments, employing $22,610,000 capital, and having a combined output valued at $49,452,000. The city contains large slaughtering and meatpacking plants, flour mills, gas engine works, candy factories, brick works, and the general shops of several railroads. Pop. (1910) 47,823; (1920) 71,227.
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