The Meta-Encyclopedia

Single-source entries: S (105)

Each of these 8 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.

Spotted Fever

the name given to a form of malignant typhus fever, which is accompanied by a rash _or eruption of red spots. See TYPHUS FEVER.

Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia

Spottiswoode

WILLIAM, an English mathematician; born in London, Jan. 11, 1825; was educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford. For some time he lectured at Balliol, and in 1846 he succeeded his father as the head of the great printing house of Eyre & Spottiswoode. Though throughout life an energetic man of business, he found time for much original work as well as for travels in Eastern Russia, Croatia, and Hungary. His contributions to the "Proceedings" of the Royal Society and of the London Mathematical Society and his admirable lectures on the "Polarization of Light" (1874), are known to all students. Spottiswoode was treasurer of the British Association (1861- 1874), of the Royal Institution (1865- 1873), and of the Royal Society (1871- 1878); president of Section A (1865) and of the British Association itself (1878), of the London Mathematical Society (1870-1872), and of the Royal Society from 1879 till his death in London, June 27, 1883.

Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia

Spottsylvania Court-House

a small village in Virginia, 55 miles N. by W. of Richmond, the scene of one of the most desperate battles of the American Civil War. On May 10, 1864, during the Wilderness campaign, Grant attacked Lee in his earthworks, and was repulsed with dreadful slaughter; yet on the next day he wrote to the Secretary of War, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer," ammer," and on the 12th repeated the assault, when Hancock's corps carried and held the "bloody angle." The next morning Lee, unable to bear his share of the heavy losses, withdrew within an inner line of intrenchments, and on the 20th Grant, having failed to dislodge him, moved round his flank toward Richmond.

Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia

Spray-runner

A long main runner, having sprays that connect with the mould. If one ingate be insufficient to distribute the metal equally hot to all parts of the mould, it is possible by this means to introduce the metal at numerous other parts, without any increase of the number of ladles employed, by simply extending the main channel, and connecting with the mould at such parts; taking care that the size of the channel be proportionate to the sprays flowing out from it. By this method thin plates are successfully run from one or two ladles of hot metal, which otherwise would require four or even six. For work that is rolled over, these sprays are best when formed by a pattern and set against the pattern before ramming the nowel. See RUNNER; GATE.

Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding

Spraying

a method of protecting vegetables and fruit trees against injurious insects. A number of liquid sprays are recommended. Some of the best known are: Paris green , 1 pound, water, 250 gallons; blue vitriol, 1 pound, quicksilver, 1 pound, water 12 gallons; white hellebore, 1 pound, water, 50 gallons; kerosene, 2 gallons, water, 1 gallon, hard soap, 1/2 pound. Various methods of application have been employed. A long whisk broom, a knapsack fire extinguisher, a pail force-pump, a garden barrel-pump, a two-horse field tank with a pump driven by cog wheels, and finally, in large orchards where thousands of dollars' worth of fruit are dependent on the extermination of insects, a huge tank with a steam pump may be found in use. In all these cases the operator is able to direct the spray through a nozzle as in sprinkling lawns. Insects wage perpetual warfare with fruit raising, but American ingenuity is equal to the emergency. See Scale; Insect

Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia

Spreckels

RUDOLPH, an American banker and civic reformer, born in 1872, the son of San Francisco, Cal., in educated in Ciaus Spreckels. He was the public schools of San Francisco and at an early age began work in his He was soon father's sugar refinery. president of the Hawaiian p Commercial & Sugar Co., which he defrom a losing to a profitable veloped became identified with the venture. He gas company which furnished San Francisco with gas and reorganized that company, freeing it from many abuses. At in the time of the San Francisco fire, 1906, he was a member of the committee also a member of the of 50, and was committee of 5 of the San Francisco Relief and Red Cross Funds. In the same year he organized and financed the San Francisco graft prosecution, and took an active part in the political uprising against corporation control of State and city governments. He was an in many important official and director financial institutions.

Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia

Spree

a river of Prussia, rises in the E. of Saxony, on the borders of Bohemia, and after a winding course of 227 miles, but bearing generally N. and N. W., falls into the Havel at Spandau; area of drainage basin, 3,655 square miles. The principal towns on its banks are Bautzen, Kottbus, and Berlin. By the Frederick William or Müllrose canal been reopened below Berlin to admit con vessels of large tonnage.

Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia

Sprenger

JACOB, of the Order of Preachers, and Professor of Theology in Cologne, and HENRICUS INSTITOR (Latinized form of Krämer), two names of enduring infamy as the authors of the or "Hexfamous "Malleus Maleficarum" enhammer" (1489), which first formu- , lated in detail the doctrine of witchcraft and formed a text-book of procedure for witch trials. They were appointed inquisitors under the bull "Summis desisys- derantes affectibus " of Innocent VIII. in work is arranged in three World 1484, and their parts "Things that pertain to Witch- Hera craft "; " The Effects of Witchcraft "; and "The Remedies for Witchcraft." It discusses the question of the nature of demons; the causes why they seduce men and particularly women; transformations into beasts, as wolves and cats; and the various charms and exorcisms to be employed against witches. They tell with complete composure of mind how in one place 40, in another 50, per- The sons were burned by their means. book contains no distinct allusion to the any proceedings at the Witches' Sabbath more than did the "Formicarium" (1440) of John Nider, whose fifth book is de- . voted to the subject of sorcery See WITCHCRAFT.

Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia