Stavanger
the most important town in the S. W. of Norway; on the S. side of Bukken Fjord; 100 miles S. of Bergen. It has two harbors and derives its importance from its connection with the fisheries of the adjacent coast. The town dates back to the 9th century, but has been frequently destroyed by fire, and is now quite a modern place. The cathedral, a Gothic structure, was founded by an English bishop (Reinald) in the 11th century, but was restored in 1866. Of late years it has become a favorite rendezvous of tourists. Pop. (1918) 46,100.
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Stavropol
formerly a Russian province in the Caucasus and recently part of the Kuban Republic. It has an area of 23,398 square miles, comprising largely untimbered prairies and extensively cultivated for grain. The country was colonized a century ago by Cossacks, but the inhabitants include Poles, Armenians, Greeks and Slavic Russians. Pop. about 1,300,000. The city of Stavropol, capital of the province, is situated on the Atchla, 307 miles southwest of Astrakhan. han. Soap, flour, and leather goods are the products of the chief industries. Pop. about 80,000.
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Stead
WILLIAM THOMAS, an English journalist; born in Embleton, Northumberland, July 5, 1849. He is widely known as editor of the "Review of Reviews," which he founded in January, 1890. He published "The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon" (1885). In 1893 he established "Borderland," a periodical devoted to spiritualism. Among his published books are "The United States of Europe" (1899); "Peers or People" (1907). He died in 1912.
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Stead, William Thomas
Journalist and Spiritualist , was born at Embleton, Northumberland, in 1849. On leaving school he was apprenticed in the office of a merchant, but soon drifted into journalism. In 1871 he was editor of the Darlington Northern Echo, and in 1883 of the Pall Mall Subliminal Self Gazette. In 1890 he founded the Review of Reviews, finding therein an outlet for his remarkable energy. His journalistic zeal led him to espouse many causes-he conducted a propaganda in favour of the peace movement, devoted himself to the interests of the Boers during the South African War, and issued cheap reprints of classical works. But not the latest of his activities was concerned with his advocacy of spiritualism. For four years-1893-97-he conducted a spiritualistic organ, the Borderland, and till his death gave the weight of his journalistic and personal influence to the movement. Notwithstanding that there was something of fanaticism in his zeal, and that his ardour sometimes carried him beyond prescribed limits, he was still a force to be reckoned with in the sphere of politics, and Cecil Rhodes, especially, was much influenced by his opinions. Mr. Stead perished with the sinking of the Titanic in April, 1912, since when many spiritualistic circles claim to have seen and spoken with him. His daughter, Miss Estelle Stead, has written his life. Stevenson, R. L.: (See Fiction, Occult English.)
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Steady Pins
Pins used to secure two pieces of metal in relative positions, as a bridge and plate.
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Steady-pin
An extra-long box-pin or slide, for maintaining a true vertical position when a cope with a deep straight lift is being raised. Also, a long, straight attachment to a pattern, or card of patterns, that extends some distance below in order to assure a true horizontal and vertical position during the process of drawing from the sand. The pin that is fixed on a pattern directly over where it is intended that a core shall protrude, to form a hole through the cope into which the top end may be guided, and thus keep it in a horizontal position, as well as permitting a vent to be carried off safely, is also termed a steady-pin. The wood or iron projections for guiding the halves of patterns and holding them to match are often called by that name. See PIN; FLASK.
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Steam
stem, a vapor of water. Under ordinary atmospheric conditions water is changed into steam at a temperature of 100 deg. C or 212 deg. F. If water be heated so as to generate steam in a closed receptacle, as in a boiler, the steam struggles with the strength of a giant to escape. The more steam is generated, the greater the bursting force. Advantage has been taken of this fact to apply steam pressure to the movable pistons of engines in order to perform work. Making allowance for loss by cold and friction, it is estimated that the work done by from five to twenty-five pounds of steam passing through an engine in an hour is equal to that of a horse. Where water and cheap fuel are at hand, steam power is considered more trustworthy and not much more expensive than falling water. The statisticians of the United States census estimate that at the present time (1909) the steam used in manufactories is doing an amount of work that would require the employment of 8,742,416 horses. The work done by water power, which ranks next, amounts to an equivalent of only 1,727,258 horses. See Steam Engine
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Steam Gauge
an instrument at tached to a boiler to indicate the pressure of steam. There are many varieties. The oldest and simplest consists of a bent tube partially filled with mercury, one end of which springs from the boiler, so that the steam rising in the tube forces up the mercury in proportion to the amount of pressure.
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Steam Whistle
a sounding device connected with the boiler of a steam engine, either stationary, locomotive, or marine, for the purpose of announcing the hours of work, signaling, etc. In the ordinary locomotive steam whistle the foot is bolted onto the fire box, has an opening for the admission of steam, and is provided with a cock, by turning which steam is permitted to rush into the hollow piece, which is provided with holes around its lower and narrower portion, through which the steam rushes into the cavity of the cup, and, passing out through the narrow annular opening, impinges against the rim of the bell, causing a shrill, piercing sound. The calliope is a series of such whistles tuned to a scale and operated by keys. apparatus in which rotary motion is imparted to the winding axle from the piston rod of a steam engine, directly or intermediately, through bevel gearing. The former is more rapid; the latter affords greater power. Specially used for loading and unloading ships.
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