Social Science
the systematic investigation of questions relating to public and domestic hygiene, education, labor, the punishment and reformation of criminals, the prevention of pauperism, and the like. The "Sociétés de Bienfaisance" (Beneficent Societies), established in France in the 18th century, were founded for the purpose of discussing similar matters, and the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science originated in meeting, in 1857, 57, at the house of Lord Brougham (1778-1868), when he was appointed the first president. The association held annual meetings, and published its proceedings, classed under the heads of Jurisprudence, Education, Punishment and Reformation, Public Health, Social Economy, and Trade and International Law, but its action was temporarily suspended in 1884. Since its establishment social science has made great advances in most civilized countries, notably in precautions against disease, the reconstitution of hospital charities, the regulation of prisons and workhouses, the establishment of reformatories for young criminals and penitentiaries for fallen women, and the extension of middleclass and industrial education. The word has also been used to designate the science now termed SOCIOLOGY (q. v.).
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Social Science Association
AMERICAN, was founded in Boston, Mass., in 1865, for the purpose of investigating and studying all those social problems which come under the following heads: community health; education and art; social economy; finance; and jurisprudence. The membership of the association throughout the country is at present about 1,200. Its official organ is "The Journal of Social Science."
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Socialism
INTERNATIONAL, first as- Worksumed form in the International in Paris, ingmen's Association, organized Friedrich in 1864, of which Karl Marx, were the Engels and Michael Bakunin and its headleaders. It never prospered, later, requarters were, a few years gradually moved to New York, where it The second interfaded out of existence. was national organization of Socialists effected, temporarily in 1889, when the of all counpolitical Socialist parties international tries began holding their was congresses. A permanent Bureau headquarters finally formed in 1900, with removed in Brussels, Belgium. This was of the to the Hague at the outbreak the entire World War, in 1914, but for inactive. duration of the war remained February, It was revived at Berne, in Inter- 1919. In March, 1919, a Third , which national was formed in Moscow repudiated political action and declared . (See Soitself for violent revolution CIALISM.)
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Socialists
CHRISTIAN, a name English first taken by a small group of cenreformers, in the forties of the last Tom tury, led by Vansittart Neale, School- Hughes, author of "Tom Brown's , the 1 days," and Canon Charles Kingsley the "Chrisnoted novelist. They attached tian" to their Socialism to distinguish themselves from the revolutionary So- Engels, and to cialists led by Marx and Robert indicate their repudiation of theories, Owen's atheism, whose economic part however, they adopted in large . prede- They are undoubtedly the natural cessors of the modern Syndicalists, in that they believed that the workers should own the tools of production. This they wished to bring about by establishing self-governing workshops, which should be owned by the employes and the profits of which should be divided among the same employes. Their experiments never showed the vitality of growth, and the movement, also known under the name of productive co-operation and co-partnership, is today practically dead. More recently a group of Marxian Socialists has appeared, which bases its propaganda on the belief that the teachings of Christ were essentially Socialistic, in that they advocated the brotherhood of man and denounced the possession of riches. This point of view is most ably expounded in Bouck White's "The Call of the Carpenter" (1912).
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Societies of Harmony
Associations formed for the practice of magnetism by the pupils of F. A. Mesmer. The first Society for Psychical Research Société de l' Harmonie was formed at Paris, and its members seem to have acted in a manner that was anything but harmonious, for, after some quarrelling among themselves they at length broke their contract with Mesmer, whereby they promised before being admitted to his lectures, that they would not practice on their own account, or give away the secret of his methods, without his consent. Other Societies of Harmony soon sprang up, the most important being that of Strasbourg, founded in 1785 by de Puységur.
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Society
He died March 3, 1702, and was buried in St. Helen's church, London.
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Society Islands
an archipelago in the South Pacific, lying between lat.
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Socket-pipe
A water or gas pipe with a bell and spigot at its respective ends. The bell receives the spigot end of another pipe, with some clearance for lead or other packing with which to make a tight joint. A depression in the bell holds the packing, and the collar on the end of the spigot prevents the latter from slipping out. See CAST-IRON PIPES.
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Sodawater
. See Waters ; Mineral
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Soest
a town of the province of Westfalen, Prussia; 34 miles S. E. of Munster; was once a Hanse town, and one of the most important places in Germany, with a population of between 30,- 000 and 40,000, but has declined since the Thirty Years' War. Its city law was the model for that of many other cities, such as Hamburg, Lübeck, etc. The remains of its walls with their 36 towers are still to be seen. It has a great number of old churches, of which seven are now in use, the cathedral being Catholic and the remaining six Protestant. Soest is the center of a rich agricultural district, and has chemical works and extensive breweries. Pop. about 20,000.
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Sofia
or SOPHIA, capital of the kingdom of Bulgaria; lies in a fertile plain on the upper waters of the Isker, an affluent of the Danube, to the N. of the Vitsch Mountains, 75 miles N. W. of Philippopolis. The seat of a Greek metropolitan and a Roman Catholic bishop, it has many mosques, minarets, Christian churches, synagogues, etc. Sofia is the converging point of several important trade routes (three from the Balkans), and carries on considerable manufactures of cloth, silk wares, leather, and tobacco. In the vicinity are celebrated hot springs, with a temperature of 48° C. Sofia occupies the site of old Sardica, which was built by Justinian. It was taken from the Byzantine emperor Basilius in 809 by the Bulgarians, who called it Triaditza, a name which gave place at the time of the Crusades to that of Stralitz or Sternitz. It fell to the Turks in 1382. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 the abandonment of Sofia became necessary as soon as a considerable Russian force had made its way S. of the Balkans, and the retreat was effected without loss, At the Congress of Berlin (July, 1878), the English plenipotentiaries strove to join the town and district of Sofia to the province of Eastern Rumelia, but they were eventually included in Bulgaria. On Oct. 25, 1878, Sofia became the seat of government of Bulgaria. Pop. about 105,000.
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