Soldering
The act of joining two metallic surfaces by means of a more fusible metal, or metallic cement. Solders are commonly divided into two groups, known as hard solders and soft solders; the former fuse only at a red heat, while the latter fuse at low degrees of heat. In hard soldering, it is frequently necessary to bind the parts to be soldered together with what is known as binding wire, which is made of soft iron, or the repair clamps shown in Fig. 238, or soldering forceps shown in Fig. 257. The blow pipe is used most extensively for soldering, although small soldering irons are used on the larger kinds of work. It is of the utmost importance that the meeting edges of all articles to be soldered be scraped, or chemically cleaned. While soldering, articles are usually placed upon a piece of charcoal, though asbestos, or pumice stone is better for the purpose. Charcoal emits gases from the coal while under the blowpipe, which enter into the alloy of gold or silver and render it brittle. To prove this, reduce a small piece of 1ok gold to a liquid form on a piece of charcoal, and treat a piece similarly on a piece of asbestos or pumice stone, and after allowing each to cool, subject both to a heavy pressure, and note the difference in their malleability and ductility.
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Soldering Fluxes
Important: Safety Warning This page describes trade processes that use dangerously toxic materials such as cyanide solutions, mercury amalgams, or strong acids. These processes require training, equipment, and precautions far beyond what the text describes. This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon. For hard solder use borax rubbed to a paste with water on a slate. For soft soldering dissolve a small piece of zinc in pure hydrochloric acid until effervescence ceases. Take out the undissolved zinc after 24 hours, filter the solution, add 1/3 its volume of spirits of salammoniac and dilute with rain water. This fluid is non-corrosive. Soft Solder for Smooth Surfaces. Where two smooth surfaces are to be soldered one upon the other, you may make an excellent job by moistening them with the fluid, and then, having placed a sheet of tin foil between them, hold them pressed firmly together over your lamp until the foil melts. If the surface is fitted nicely, a joint may be made in this way so close as to be almost imperceptible. The bright looking lead, which comes as a lining for tea boxes, is better than tin foil,
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Soldering Forceps
By the use of this ingenious device, any article to be repaired can be adjusted in any desired position in a much shorter time, and with more accuracy, than by the ordinary process of binding with wire to a piece of charcoal. The Crane Patent Soldering Forceps are so constructed that any two pieces can be as readily brought together as can be done with the fingers, no matter at what angle or position you may desire them. Each part works independent of the other, and the whole is held securely in place by means of a nut, as shown in Fig. 289, at F, and both hands being free, charcoal can be held behind the article, thereby concentrating the heat, the same as when held directly upon it. In soft soldering it can be used to great advantage. The forceps E E, revolve in parts d d, which are fastened to arms C C, by means of a hinge joint. The arms C C run through the collars b b, so that they can be lengthened or shortened, and the forceps raised or lowered as desired. The collars b b turn independently of each other on base A, and being split, the whole is held firmly in position by nut F. See also Tweezers.
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Soldering Stone Set Rings
There are various ways for doing this, but the following will be found as good as any: Take tissue paper and tear it into strips about three inches wide, twist them into ropes, and then make them very wet and wrap the stone with them, passing around the stone and through the ring until the center of the ring is a little more than half full of paper, always winding very close, and then fasten upon charcoal, allowing the stone to project over the edge of the charcoal, and solder very quickly. The paper will prevent oxidation upon the part of the ring it covers, as well as protecting the stone.
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Sole
a salt water fish of the flatfish type; for which see TURBOT. Ten to twenty inches long. Weight, one to ten pounds. It frequents sandy shores in search of shellfish, and is taken by a trawl net dragged over the bottom of the sea. The sole season lasts from early spring till autumn. The markets of Paris and London receive immense quantities. Billingsgate market, London, disposes of 75,000 to 100,000 bushels of soles a year.
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Solent
that part of the British Channel separating the N. W. shore of the Isle of Wight from the mainland of Hampshire, and extending between the Needles and West Cowes. It has a width varying from 2 to 5 miles, and affords a safe and well-sheltered roadstead.
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Solferino
a village and commune of Italy, in the province and 18 miles N. W. of Mantua. In 1796 the Austrians were here defeated by the French prior to the siege of Mantua ; it was here also, June 24, 1859, that a battle was fought between the French and Sardinians on the one side and the Austrians on the other, resulting in the defeat of the latter and the subsequent treaty of Villa. franca.
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Solid
as distinguished from liquids and gases, one of the three states of matter. A solid tends to retain its shape. A piece of wood, iron, or stone, however small, is a solid. Under the influence of heat and chemical action, all known solids may be changed into liquids and gases. Under pressure and the withdrawal of heat, most if not all gases have been reduced to liquids and solids. Freshly made putty, butter, and cheese are soft solids, while steel and granite are hard solids. See Hardness ; for geometrical solids, see CUBE; CONE; SPHERE, etc.
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