Sprague (LEVI L an American educator)
LEVI L., an American educator, born in Beekman, N. Y., in 1844. He was educated at the Wyoming Seminary and Allegheny College, Pa. His entire educational career was spent at Wyoming Seminary, Kingston, Pa., where he began teaching in 1868, and of which he became president in 1882. He took a prominent part in Methodist Episcopal affairs and was trustee of Wyoming Seminary, Syracuse University, the Wyoming Conference, as well
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Spray-runner
A long main runner, having sprays that connect with the mould. If one ingate be insufficient to distribute the metal equally hot to all parts of the mould, it is possible by this means to introduce the metal at numerous other parts, without any increase of the number of ladles employed, by simply extending the main channel, and connecting with the mould at such parts; taking care that the size of the channel be proportionate to the sprays flowing out from it. By this method thin plates are successfully run from one or two ladles of hot metal, which otherwise would require four or even six. For work that is rolled over, these sprays are best when formed by a pattern and set against the pattern before ramming the nowel. See RUNNER; GATE.
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Spreckels
RUDOLPH, an American banker and civic reformer, born in 1872, the son of San Francisco, Cal., in educated in Ciaus Spreckels. He was the public schools of San Francisco and at an early age began work in his He was soon father's sugar refinery. president of the Hawaiian p Commercial & Sugar Co., which he defrom a losing to a profitable veloped became identified with the venture. He gas company which furnished San Francisco with gas and reorganized that company, freeing it from many abuses. At in the time of the San Francisco fire, 1906, he was a member of the committee also a member of the of 50, and was committee of 5 of the San Francisco Relief and Red Cross Funds. In the same year he organized and financed the San Francisco graft prosecution, and took an active part in the political uprising against corporation control of State and city governments. He was an in many important official and director financial institutions.
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Spree
a river of Prussia, rises in the E. of Saxony, on the borders of Bohemia, and after a winding course of 227 miles, but bearing generally N. and N. W., falls into the Havel at Spandau; area of drainage basin, 3,655 square miles. The principal towns on its banks are Bautzen, Kottbus, and Berlin. By the Frederick William or Müllrose canal been reopened below Berlin to admit con vessels of large tonnage.
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Sprenger
JACOB, of the Order of Preachers, and Professor of Theology in Cologne, and HENRICUS INSTITOR (Latinized form of Krämer), two names of enduring infamy as the authors of the or "Hexfamous "Malleus Maleficarum" enhammer" (1489), which first formu- , lated in detail the doctrine of witchcraft and formed a text-book of procedure for witch trials. They were appointed inquisitors under the bull "Summis desisys- derantes affectibus " of Innocent VIII. in work is arranged in three World 1484, and their parts "Things that pertain to Witch- Hera craft "; " The Effects of Witchcraft "; and "The Remedies for Witchcraft." It discusses the question of the nature of demons; the causes why they seduce men and particularly women; transformations into beasts, as wolves and cats; and the various charms and exorcisms to be employed against witches. They tell with complete composure of mind how in one place 40, in another 50, per- The sons were burned by their means. book contains no distinct allusion to the any proceedings at the Witches' Sabbath more than did the "Formicarium" (1440) of John Nider, whose fifth book is de- . voted to the subject of sorcery See WITCHCRAFT.
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Spring
the season of the year which follows winter and precedes summer. Astronomically, spring extends from March 21 to June 21. Industrially, it is the season of planting. Children rejoice in the spring, the season of the first flowers, of lambs, nestlings, and young animals. Older people rejoice in the autumn, the season of harvests and fruits. In case of a late, cool spring it is said that "winter lingers in the lap of spring." In Australia, New Zealand , South Africa, Argentina, and other countries of the southern hemisphere , spring comes at the season corresponding to the northern autumn. See Seasons
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Spring
a current of water issuing from the ground. Springs originate from surface water as rain or snow. The water soaks through the ground until it comes to a layer of rock or impervious earth. This it follows along until it comes to an outlet as at the foot of some cliff. Sometimes the source of a spring must be sought in mountains or uplands a thousand miles away. The mountains of New England and the Appalachian region generally are noted for delightful springs of fresh, cool water. In their underground journey, spring waters absorb mineral elements from the earth. If strongly impregnated, they are known as mineral springs. Saline springs contain salt; sulphur springs, compounds of sulphur; chalybeate springs, iron; calcareous springs are hard with limewater, and so on. Springs that flow only at intervals are known as intermittent. Their sources are usually near by. They are dependent on seasons of rainfall. An artesian well may be regarded as an artificial spring formed by piercing an overlying layer of rock or earth so as to permit the outflow of water. When the waters pass over hot rocks they form hot springs . See Yellowstone Park; Geyser ; Spa ; Waters ; Mineral; Aix-La-Chapelle ; Baden ; Hot Springs ; Florida
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Spring Chaplet
A form of stud, usually made by bending a short piece of hoop-iron so that the open end serves to spring back, and hold in place some loose core or piece of mould. Their strength must be in proportion to the pressure to be exerted, and some consideration should be given to the possibility of their melting in places where there is a strong current of molten metal. See CHAPLETS.
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