Superfetation
or SUPERFETA- TION, the conception of a second embryo during the gestation of the first; the products of the two conceptions being born together or at different times.
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Single-source entries: S (140)
Each of these 11 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
Superphosphate of Lime
P2O2 (HO) CaO2; a compound of phosphoric acid and lime in which only one-third of its acid equivalents is saturated with lime. Technically, it is used to describe , made by an important kind of manure treating ground bones with from onethird to two-thirds of their equivalent of sulphuric acid, whereby acid phosphate of lime is formed, together with a quantity of sulphate of lime corresponding to the sulphuric acid used. By substituting coprolites for bones, a manure of nearly identical composition is obtained. This kind of manure is of the highest value, from its stimulating effects.
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Suppuration
a morbid process which gives rise to the formation of pus, one of the destructive terminations of the inflammatory action. The phenomena of suppuration are thus described: The inflammatory leucocytes, instead of developing into fiber cells and forming tissue, become developed into pus globules, and the exudation breaks down more or less completely into a creamy fluid called pus, which consists of these globules floating in serum, the liquor puris. Suppuration in the interior of the body usually terminates in the formation of an abscess; but in some cases the matter is diffused through the interstices of the part, and is termed diffuse inflammation.
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Surabaya
or SOERABAYA, a large seaport town of Java; on the N. E. coast, and capital of one of the three provinces into which the island is divided by the Dutch; lat. 7° 12′ 30″ S.; lon. 112° 44′ 7" E.; it is at the mouth of a navigable river, 1½ mile from the seashore. The river separates the European part of the town from the Chinese and the native quarter. The houses are very good, and some are elegant, particularly the country seats of private individuals. Surabaya is situated within that narrow strait which is formed by the islands of Java and Madura, and is defended by batteries. The mouth of the river is also defended. Pop. of town about 120,000. Province area 2,327 square miles. Pop. 2,115,000.
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Surajah Dowlah
the last independent nawab of Bengal, under whom was perpetrated the massacre of the
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Surakarta
a trading town on the N. E. coast of Java; near the mouth of the Solo river, opposite the island of Madura; 150 miles W. S. W. of Samarang. It is the chief town of the feudatory State of Surakarta and the residence of the emperor and of many of the native princes and nobles. The emperor's palace is a building of great extent and grandeur. The European town, defended by a strong fort, has a trade in rice, sugar, coffee, pepper, tobacco, etc., and a pop. of about 125,000. State, area 2,191 square miles. Pop. 1,100,000.
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Surat
a town of India, Bombay presidency, capital of a district of the same name, on the left bank of the Tapti, about 20 miles above its mouth in the Gulf of Cambay. The town possesses few attractions, and consists of narrow winding streets lined with lofty houses. It contains several public buildings, including two hospitals, and an old castle or fortress now containing public offices. Surat was first heard of in 1512 as sacked by the Portuguese. The first English factory was established here in 1612, and 40 years later all the other possessions of the company were placed in subordination to it. In 1692 the seat of government was transferred to Bombay. Henceforth Surat became a bone of contention between the Mogul deputy and Mahratta invaders. In 1759 the English seized the castle; and in 1799, on the death of the last real nawab, themselves assumed the administration. In 1842 the titular dignity of Nawab of Surat also became extinct. Surat is still a considerable center of trade and minor manufactures. The organization of trade guilds is here highly developed. The chief exports are agricultural produce and cotton. Pop. about 115,000.
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Surf Duck
or SURF SCOTER, a species of duck (Oidemia perspicillata), about the size of a mallard, rarely seen on the British coasts, but frequently on the coasts of Labrador, Hudson Bay, and other parts of North America.
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Surface
in mathematics, the boundary of a solid, having two dimensions, length and breadth. It may be conceived to be generated by the motion of a straight or curved line, just as a curve is generated by the motion of a point. Of all surfaces, the most important are which are inthose of the second order, wh tersected by a straight line in at most two points, and whose curve of section by a plane is is a curve of the second order. Hyperboloids, ellipsoids, paraboloids, spheres, cones, and cylinders, and also the limiting case of two planes, are included among the so-called quadric surfaces.
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Surgeon
one who practises surgery; in a more limited sense, one who cures diseases or injuries of the body by operating manually upon the patient. In a more general sense, one whose occupation is to treat diseases or injuries by medical appliances, whether internal or external. In ichthyology, a popular name for any species of the genus Acanthurus, from the sharp, erectile, lancet-shaped spine with which each side of the tail is armed. In the early stages of their growth these fish are so different from the fully-developed individuals, that for some time the young fish were placed in a separate genus, Acronurus. Surgeon-general, in the United States Army the chief of the medical department. In the British Army a surgeon ranking next below the chief of the medical department.
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Surinam Toad
in zoölogy, the Pipa americana, a large flat toad, found on the edges of swamps in Surinam and the neighboring country. It is about a foot long, with a short, broad, pointed head, the nostrils produced into a leathery tube; large hind limbs with webbed feet; fore feet small, with four slender webbed fingers, terminating in four small projections. It is brownish-olive above, whitish below; the skin is covered with a number of tiny hard granules, interspersed with horny, tubercular projections. It has no tongue, and the jaws and palate are toothless. The species is propagated in an extremely curious manner. When the eggs the male impregnates then them, takes them in his paws, and places them on the back of the female, where they adhere by means of a glutinous secretion, and become by degrees embedded in a series of cells which then form in the skin. When the process is completed a membrane closes over the cells, and the back of the female bears a strong resemblance to a piece of dark honeycomb. In these cells the eggs are hatched and the young undergo their metamorphosis, bursting through the protecting membrane as perfect frogs.
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