Symbolics
a theological term for the study of creeds and confessions of faith, etc., from the ancient meaning of the word symbolon, a brief compendium, on opposite sides of the line and equally a creed.
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Single-source entries: S (147)
Each of these 10 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
Syme
JAMES, a Scotch surgeon; born in Fifeshire, Scotland, Nov. 7, 1799; was educated at the High School and University of Edinburgh, and studied anatomy under Barclay and Liston, visiting also Paris and Germany. In 1829 he opened Minto House Hospital, which he carried on for four years with great success as a surgical charity and school of clinical instruction; and in 1833 he was appointed Professor of Clinical Surgery in Edinburgh University. In 1847, on Liston's death, he accepted the same professorship in University College, London; he soon, however, returned to his former chair in Edinburgh and continued to hold it till his death. Among his numerous writings are a "Treatise on the Excision of Diseased Joints," and "Principles of Surgery." He died in Edinburgh June 26, 1870.
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Symington's Steamboat
1801 all, it was not till after the opening of the 19th century that steam navigation started into actual life. In 1801 Symington designed a boat for towing, which attained a speed of 3½ miles an hour. In 1807 Robert Fulton, an American, in conjunction with one Robert R. Living- THE GREAT EASTERN ston, built the "Clermont" and established a regular packet service between New York and Albany. and SHIPPING. See STEAM TURBINE and STEAM.
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Symmachus
QUINTUS AURELI- US, a Roman statesman of the 4th century, A. D., and one of the last great advocates of paganism; was educated in Gaul; and after serving as quæstor and prætor became Corrector of Lucania and the Brutii (365) and Proconsul of Africa (373), and member of the pontifical college. His petition to Gratian, urged on the senate's behalf, for the restoration of the altar of Victory, proved unavailing (382), as did the extant letter addressed by him when præfect of the city (384) to Valentinian. The failure led him to side with the pretender Maximus (387), and for so doing he was impeached of treason, but pardoned and raised to the consulship (391). His death must have taken place after 404, and we have by him 10 books of letters (1653), and fragments of 9 orations, the latter discovered and edited by Mai (1815). "Even saints," says Gibbons, "and polemic saints, treat Symmachus with respect," though Prudentius likened the use to which he applied his talents "to one digging in mud with an instrument of gold and ivory."
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Symonds
JOHN ADDINGTON, an English author; born in Bristol, England, Oct. 5, 1840; was educated at Harrow and at Balliol College, Oxford. His great work is the "Renaissance in Italy" (1875-1886). Among his other works are: "Study of Dante"; "Studies of the Greek Poets"; "Sketches in Italy and Greece"; "Sketches and Studies in Italy"; translation of the "Sonnets of Michael Angelo and Campanella"; "Animi Figura," a collection of sonnets; "Vagabunduli Libellus"; "In Nights and Days"; "Essays Speculative and Suggestive." He died in Rome, Italy, April 19, 1893.
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Symons
ARTHUR, a British writer of verse and prose, born in Wales, 1865. He was educated at various private schools and began to write early. His works include: "An Introduction to the Study of Browning"; "Days and Nights"; "Amoris Victima"; "Studies in Two Literatures"; "The Symbolist Movement in Literature"; "Images of Good and Evil"; "Collected Poems"; "Plays, Acting and Music"; "Cities"; "Studies in Prose and Verse"; "Spiritual Adventures"; "A Book of Twenty Songs"; "The Fool of the World and Other Poems"; "Studies in the Seven Arts"; "William Blake"; "Cities of Italy"; "The Romantic Movement in English Poetry"; "Knave of Hearts"; "Figures of Several Centuries"; "Tragedies"; "Tristan and Iseult"; "Cities and Sea Coasts and Islands"; "Colour Studies in Paris"; "The Toy Cart."
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Sympathy
a feeling corresponding to that felt by another; the quality or state of being affected by the affections of another, with feelings corresponding in kind if not in degree; compassion, fellow feeling, commiseration. Sympathy is first evoked in small societies, such as a single family or a small tribe, and gradually extends beyond these limits. One of its moral acquisitions is to go forth toward the lower animals, as shown, for example, by the efforts to prevent their being cruelly and thoughtlessly treated. Also, an agreement of affections or inclinations; a conformity of natural temperament, which makes two persons pleased or in accord with each other; mutual or reciprocal affection or passion; community_of inclination or disposition. In physiology and pathology, reciprocal action of the different parts of the body on each other; an affection of one part of the body in consequence of something taking place in another. Thus, when there is a local injury the whole frame after a time suffers with it. Also the influence exerted over the susceptible organization of one person, as of a hysteric female, by the sight of paroxysms of some nervous disease in another or in others.
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Symphytism
in hilology, a term applied by Earle to a tendency, in that class of words called by him symbolic, to attach themselves to other words, so that the resulting compound is either really one word, or presents the appearance of being one word.
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Syncopation
in grammar, the contraction of a word by the omission of one or more letters or syllables from the middle. In music, suspension or alteration of rhythm by driving the accent to that part of a bar not usually accented. Syncopation may be completed in a bar, or it may be carried by sequence through several bars, or it may be so that more than one bar is involved in the syncopation. Syncopated counterpoint is the fourth species of counterpoint.
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Syncope
the name given to that form of death characterized by failure and cessation of the heart's action as its primary feature. The term is also applied to the state of fainting produced by a diminution or interruption of the action of the heart, and of respiration, accompanied with a suspension of the action of the brain and a temporary loss of sensation, volition, and other faculties. Fatal syncope is usually the result of some nervous "shock," resulting from some severe lesion of organs, or from a want of blood, or an altered and abnormal state of blood pressure. Ordinary syncope is caused chiefly by weakness, mental emotion, etc. The fainting patient should be placed on a couch and the head kept low; while great caution must be observed in stimulating the action of the heart.
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