Stowe (IV)
LYMAN BEECHER, an American writer, born at Saco, Maine, in 1880. He was educated at Harvard. From 1909 to 1910 he was assistant editor of the "Circle Magazine"; from 1910 to 1913 secretary and vice-chairman of the Public Service Commission of New York; from 1913 to 1915 secretary of the National Association of Junior Republics; from 1915 to 1918 secretary of the Department of Public Charities, New York City. Besides contributing articles to many magazines and lecturing on social, political, and educational subjects, he was the co-author of "Harriet Beecher Stowe-Story of Her Life" (1912); "Citizens Made and Remade" (1912); "Booker T. Washington" (1916); "The Inside Story of Austro-German Intrigue" (1919).
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Stradivari
ANTONIO (STRADI- VARIUS), an Italian violin maker; born in Cremona, Italy, about 1649. He was a pupil of Nicolo Amati, in whose employment he remained till 1700, when he began making on his own account. It was he who settled the typical pattern of the Cremona violin, and his instruments, for tone and finish, have never yet been excelled. He died in Cremona Dec. 17, 1737.
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Stradivarius
. See Cremona
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Straight
WILLARD DICKER- MAN, an American financier and public official, born in Oswego, N. Y., in 1880. He was educated at Bordentown (N. J.) Military Institute and at Cornell University, and in 1911 married Dorothy Payne Whitney, the daughter of the late W. C. Whitney (q. v.). From 1902 to 1904 he was in the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service; from 1904 to 1905 a newspaper correspondent in Korea, Japan, and Manchuria; in 1905 consul-general at Seoul; in 1906 private secretary of the American Minister to Cuba; from 1906 to 1908 consul-general at Mukden; and from November, 1908, to June, 1909, acting chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs in the Department of State, Washington, D. C. In 1909 he went to China as the representative of a group of American bankers, and remained there until 1914. Upon his return he was connected for a short time with J. P. Morgan & Company, then studied international law at Columbia and became a vice-president of the American International Corporation. He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, president of the Asiatic Associatilon and a trustee of Cornell University. During the World War he served in the Adjutant General's Department. He died in 1918.
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Straight College
an institution for the higher education of negroes, founded in 1869, at New Orleans. It is co-educational. It has an endowment of about $25,000. It is supported chiefly tributions. In through voluntary contributions. 1919 there were 474 students and 26 members of the faculty. President, Rev. H. A. M. Briggs.
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Straight Line Lever
That form of a lever escapement in which the escape wheel arbor, pallet and balance staff are all planted in a straight line, as in Fig. 266.
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Straightening Castings
Many methods are practised for restoring crooked castings to the proper shape, but the best, when practicable, is to make them red-hot in a heating-furnace, and employ such means after-wards as will hold them in shape until they are cold. Perhaps it will be necessary to bend a little in the opposite direction before they can be made to assume their true shape. In proportion as this effective means of heating can be approached by outside firing, so will the measure of success be. Especially is this the case with large, complicated castings. Crooks in castings are seldom abrupt; the line invariably forms a true curve. To bring this back again correctly it is absolutely necessary that the whole be heated; otherwise it will simply yield at the heated spot or spots, leaving two or more short bends in place of the original regular curve, or, what is still more likely, break the casting. See PEENING.
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Strain
in mechanics, the force which acts on the material, and which tends to disarrange its component parts or destroy their cohesion, or the charge resulting from application of such force. See STRESS: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
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Stralsund
a seaport of Prussia; on a narrow strait called the Strela Sound, which divides the mainland from the island of Rügen; 67 miles N. W. from Stettin. It forms an island, connected with the mainland by bridges. Down to 1873 the place was a fortress of the first class. Many of the houses are finely gabled, which gives the town a quaint and ancient look. The most interesting building is the town house (1306), with a museum of antiquities from the island of Rügen. Stralsund carries on a large export trade in malt, corn, fish, wool, coal, groceries, etc., and manufactures leather, gloves, mirrors, earthenware, sugar, starch, oil, and playing cards. Pop. about 35,000. It was founded in 1209, and became one of the most important members of the Hansa. During the Thirty Years' War it successfully withstood terrible siege a (1628) by Wallenstein; but in 1678 it capitulated to the Great Elector after a furious bombardment. It again opened its gates to Prussia and her allies in 1715, to the French in 1807, and to the Danes and others in 1809. The town was held by the Swedes from 1628 to 1814; in the year following (1815) Denmark gave it up to Prussia.
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Stramonium
Important: Safety Warning This page prescribes plants as medicine according to pre-modern medical theory. Several of the plants named are toxic, correct identification is difficult, and the doses given have no scientific basis. Do not ingest or apply any preparation described here. In addition, this page presents medical treatment from an era before modern medicine. The remedies described are ineffective against the conditions named, and some of the ingredients or doses are harmful. Do not use them to treat any illness; consult a qualified medical professional. This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon. a common thorn apple. It is a stout, ill-scented weed widely diffused on both sides of the Atlantic. In Virginia the stramonium is called James-town weed or jimson weed. A powerful drug is extracted from the leaves and seeds. This extract is a narcotic, and has much the same effect as belladonna, to which, indeed, stramonium is a near relative. The drug, stramonium, is a remedy for convulsions, epilepsy, and certain forms of mania. The leaves are smoked to relieve asthma. It is said that the priests of the Delphic oracle took stramonium to produce the frenzy with which they were supposed to be inspired.
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