Sublaco
(ancient Sublaqueum), a city of Italy; in hills beside the Teverone; 32 miles E. by N. from Rome. It was the cradle of the Benedictine Order and the place where the printing press was first set up in Italy (1464). There are two monasteries dating from the 6th cencentury, one of which (Santa Scolastica) contains a small but valuable library, while the other was built near the cave in which St. Benedictine lived. The city was greatly favored by Pope Pius VI.; he enlarged its castle (built 1068), erected a church, etc.
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Sublicius Pons
The oldest of the bridges at Rome, said to have been built by Ancus Martius. Suessa Aurunca (Sessa). A town of the Aurunci in Latium, east of the Via Appia, between Minturnae and Teanum, on the western slope of Mount Massicus. It was the birthplace of the poet Lucilius. Suetonius, C. Tranquillus. A Latin historian who became secretary to Hadrian. His best known work is his Lives of the Caesars.
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Sublimation
A process by which certain volatile substances are raised by heat and again condensed by cold into a solid or crystallized form, as iodine, sulphur, arsenic. Camphor thus vaporizes and condenses in crystals on the sides of the chemist's jars by the rise and fall of ordinary temperatures. It is possible, by decomposing a compound liquid or gas, to obtain one or more of its constituents crystallized. Various gases when passed through red-hot tubes deposit crystals. Metallic solutions are decomposed by passing a galvanic current through them, the metals being deposited in the crystalline form. See SULPHUR; ARSENIC.
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Sublimation Theory
in geology, the hypothesis that mineral veins, or many of them, have been filled by sublimation. Volatile substances occur both in the hot springs and in the gaseous emanations of volcanoes, and might furnish certain constituents for ores and other minerals occurring in veins. SUBLIME PORTE. See PORTE.
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Submachine Gun
a newly developed, small-sized type of machine gun weighing only seven pounds and measuring but twenty-two inches in length. It operates at three times the rate of the ordinary full-sized machine gun, being based upon an entirely new principle. The police department of New York City has recently adopted it as part of its equipment. SUBMARINE TREATY. (See WASH- INGTON CONFERENCE.)
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Submaxillary Gland
in anatomy one of the three salivary glands, It is situated immediately below the base and the inner surface of the inferior maxilla.
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Subordinary
in heraldry, a fig ure borne in charges in coat armor, not considered to be so honorable as an ordinary, to which it gives place and cedes the principal points of the shield. According to some writers, an ordinary when it comprises less than one-fifth of the whole shield is termed a subordinary.
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Subornation of Perjury
the crime of inducing a person to commit perjury, punishable similarly to perjury. SUBPŒNA, or SUBPENA, in law, a writ or process commanding the attendance in a court of justice of the witness on whom it is served under a penalty. If the witness refuses or neglects to attend, and has no legal excuse, such as a serious illness, he may be sued in an action of damages, or imprisoned for SUBPŒNA, or SUBPENA contempt of court; but his traveling expenses must have been paid beforehand. Also, the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill. Subpœna duces tecum, a writ commanding the attendance of a witness at a trial, and ordering him to bring with him all books, writings, or the like, bearing on the case. SUB ROSA ("under the rose,” i. e., under the obligation of secrecy), a term which possibly had its origin, as Sir Thomas Brown suggests, in the closeness with which the rosebud folds its petals, or in the rose with which Harpocrates, god of silence, was bribed by Cupid not to divulge his mother Venus's amours. A rose is often found sculptured on the ceilings of mediæval banqueting halls and on confessionals.
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Subsidence and Upheaval
terms applied to movements of the earth's crust.
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Subsidy
a sum paid, often under a treaty, by one government to another, sometimes to secure its neutrality, but more frequently to meet the expenses of carrying on a war. Specifically, a grant from the government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to a private person or company to assist in the establishment or support of an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public; a subvention; as, a subsidy to the owners of a line of steamships.
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Substitution
the act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another to serve the same purpose. In chemistry, a term denoting the replacing of one element or group of elements for another. It is the great agent, and covers nearly the whole field of chemical change, and is always attended with some alteration of properties in the compound, the alteration increasing with the amount of substitution. (1) When chlorine replaces hydrogen in marsh gas, forming hydrochloric acid and methyl chloride, CH4+Cl2=HCL+CH,Cl. Cl. (2) When an alcohol radical replaces chlorine, as in trichloride of phosphorus, 3Zn (C2H5)2+2PCl3 = 3ZnCl2+2P (C2H5) 34 (3) A basylous or chlorous radical is replaced one for the other, as when nitrate or silver is decomposed by chloride of sodium, AgNo₂+NaCl NaNo3+AgCl. (4) When hydrogen is replaced by an alcohol radical, as in the case of acting on ammonia with iodide of ethyl, H₂N + C₂HI = HI + H C2H5N. See SALT.
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Substratum
in geology, a stratum England and France, with remainders to the other children of Henry IV. Other instances occurred in the case of Henry VII., and in regard to the successors of Henry VIII., and the rights of James I., Charles I., and Charles II. The most important is the act of settlement. (See SETTLEMENT, ACT OF). Apostolic, or Apostolical succession: (See APOSTOLIC). Geological succession of organic beings: The gradual disappearance of species, genera, families, etc., throughout the world as geological time goes forward, or the more rapid succession of one group of organisms to another within a limited area, as the adaptation of that area to particular forms of life changes, by water giving place to land, salt water to fresh, or the reverse. Within limited areas, however, the same type often persists from the later Tertiary to the present day; 73; as in South pres America, where the sloth and armadillo have succeeded gigantic Edentates like the megatherium and glyptodon. Law of succession: The law or rule according to which the succession to the property of deceased persons is regulated. In general this law obtains only in cases in which the deceased person has died intestate, or in which the power of bequeathing property by will is limited by the legislature. In the United States each State has its own law of succession. Usually succession is by stirpes or root.
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