Subtraction
in arithmetic, the operation of finding the difference between one number and another, the less being subtracted from the greater. In algebra the operation is included under addition, the rule for subtraction being change the sign and add. Here there is no convention as to which quantity must be the greater; the algebraic sign of the remainder removes any possible ambiguity. lying under another. The term subsoil is generally applied to the matters which intervene between the surface soils and the rocks on which they rest; thus, clay is the common substratum or subsoil of gravel.
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Subularia
a genus of plants, natural order Cruciferæ, found in the gravelly bottoms of lakes, usually in shallow water, in North and Central Europe, North Asia, and the Northern United States. S. aquatica, or awlwort, the only species, consists merely of a tuft of white fibrous roots, narrow awlshaped leaves, and a leafless stalk, bearing a few small white flowers. It is indigenous to Scotland and the N. of England and Ireland. or SUBULICOR-
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Subulicornia
NES, in entomology, a tribe of Neuroptera, or, if that order be divided, of Pseudo-neuroptera. It contains two families, Ephemeridæ and Libellulidæ, having a common character in the form of the antennæ which are short, awl-shaped, and composed of few joints. The wings are membranous, generally much reticulated; the eyes, especially in the males, of comparatively large size; and the preparatory states, as in the Perlidæ, are pa passed in the water. The group which was founded by Latreille, is by no means a natural one, but is retained for the sake of convenience.
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Subungulata
in zoölogy, a group or section of Ungulata, distinguished from true Ungulates (Ungulata Vera), by the structure of the carpus. The group embraces three sub-orders, Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, and Amblypoda, all of which are in many classifications treated as orders.
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Subway
in engineering, an underground passage. More particularly, the name has been applied in cities to underground tunnels for foot passengers or for the transportation of passengers. The London subway is a tunnel for foot passengers beneath the Thames. It has not proved popular. In London, New York , Boston, and other large cities, the term is applied also to underground railways as contrasted with elevated and surface roads. The first subway of this sort was begun in London in 1853. Two circuits operated by steam were completed prior to 1870. A third, operated by electricity, was begun in 1886. In 1908 the subways of London are said to have collected 258,000,000 fares. New York, Boston, Paris, Berlin, Budapest, and Glasgow have followed the example. Boston has spent $10,000,000 on a subway. It runs beneath Old South Church. In New York alone $47,000,000 has been expended for subways, and as much more for equipment. City engineers now maintain that subways should run beneath the regular streets, and that the tunnel should provide for wire conduits, water pipes, gas mains, sewers and a double-track trolley line, all in one systematic plan. See London
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Succession
in music, the order in which the notes of a melody proceed. There are two sorts of succession, regular, or conjoint, and disjunct. A regular or conjoint succession is that in which the notes succeed each other in the order of the scale to which they belong, either ascending or descending. In a disjunct succession the melody is formed of intervals greater than a second. A sequence is sometimes spoken of as a succession, and passages of similar chords or progressions are described as a succession of thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, sevenths, or octaves, as the case may be. Acts of succession: In English history, the name given to several acts of Parliament, by which the succession to the crown was limited or modified. The first is an act of Henry IV., declaring Prince Henry heir-apparent to the thrones of J
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Succinic Acid
in chemistry, C4H6O4, CH2COOH CH2COOH ; volatile salt of amber; a dibasic acid belonging to the oxalic series, first recognized by Agricola in 1657. It occurs ready formed in amber, in certain plants, and in many animal fluids, and is a product of the oxidation of fatty acids of high molecular weight, and of the alcoholic fermentation of sukept for gar. It is prepared by bringing calcium malate in contact with one-twelfth of its weight of decayed cheese , suspended in three parts of water, and kept some days at a temperature of 30 ° to 40°. Succinate of lime is formed, which is collected on a filter, decomposed with sulphuric acid, purified by recrystallization. It crystallizes in monoclinic prisms, is readily soluble in water, less easily in alcohol , insoluble in ether, melts at 180°, and boils at 235°. It forms neutral and acid salts, those of the alkalies being very soluble in water. A characteristic reaction of succinic acid and soluble succinates is the formation of a red brown precipitate with ferric salts.
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Succubus
A demon who takes the shape of a woman. Rabbi Elias says that it is mentioned in certain writings that Adam was visited during a hundred and thirty years by female demons, and had intercourse with demons, spirits, spectres, lemurs, and phantoms. Under the reign of Roger, king of Sicily, a young man, bathing by moonlight, with several others, thought he saw someone drowning, and hastened to the rescue. Having drawn from the water a beautiful woman, he became enamoured of her, married her, and had by her a child. Afterwards she disappeared mysteriously with her child, which made everyone believe that she was a succubus. Hector Boece, in his history of Scotland , relates that a very handsome young man was pursued by a female demon, who would pass through his closed door, and offer to marry him. He complained to his bishop, who enjoined him to fast, pray, and confess himself , when the infernal visitor ceased to trouble him. Delancre says that in Egypt, an honest maréchal -ferrant being occupied in forging during the night there appeared to him a demon under the shape of a beautiful woman. He threw a hot iron in the face of the demon, which at once took to flight.
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