Sand Wasp
the common name of a family of fossorial hymenopterous insects, the Sphegidæ of Latreille. There are numerous species, generally large, violet blue, sometimes banded with yellow; the females have a sting; there are no neuters, the female making her own nest in the sand. SANDWICH (so called after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, Kent, England, who used to have sandwiches brought to him at the gaming table, to enable him to play without leaving off), two thin slices of bread, plain or buttered, with a slice of meat, as ham, beef, etc., seasoned with mustard, between them; hence, applied to anything resembling a sandwich, i. e., consisting of a person or thing placed between two different things.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Sand, George
George, (1804-1876), the pen name of Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, a French author. She was born in Paris, but was brought up at the Chateau of Nohant. She was educated at a convent, and in 1822 was married to M. Dudevant. The marriage proved unhappy, and in 1831 Madame Dudevant left Nohant and went to Paris with Jules Sandeau in order to lead an independent life. She began her literary work in collaboration with Sandeau, and her pen name was an abbreviation of his name. Her first independent novel was Indiana. Others are Valentine, Leila, Lavina, Metella, Simon, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, Horace, and Consuelo. Her earlier writings are filled with the spirit of revolt against moral and social conditions. Her later works contain studies of country life and manners. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of her career as an author is the rapidity with which she produced volume after volume for many years. She was at one time much occupied with theological and philosophical speculations. She also entertained republican ideas of an exaggerated nature, and her views of life were one-sided. Consuelo is her best known work. The reputation of George Sand was extraordinary in her own time; but her works no longer occupy the place they once filled in the world of literature.
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Sand-bed
The sand-bed of a cupola is the sand rammed on the bottom, on which the molten iron rests after it has been melted above and fallen down through the fuel thereon. The old or black sand off the floor, that which has been slightly burned, is the best to use for this purpose; being free from clay, it does not bake hard, and by using it a little drier than ordinary moulding-sand it may be rammed well down to a solid bed without fear of danger from blowing or boiling--a too frequent occurrence when the sand used for this purpose is close and too damp. The thickness of the sand-bed may always be increased when it is desired to reduce the depth from the tuyeres down, but there should never be less than 2 1/2 inches over the bottom plate. A slight down grade towards the tapping-hole is necessary to run all the iron off, but avoid too much slope, as it increases the pressure at the tapping-hole, making it more difficult to insert the bott. See CUPOLA; SPOUT; BREAST-HOLE; BOTT.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Sand-dusters
Flat, round vessels of block-tin, with fine perforations on one of the flat sides. They are used largely among hardware and stove founders for dusting the joints with parting-sand, instead of using the hand for that purpose. See PARTING; PARTING-SAND. Sand-floor is that part of the foundry floor usually devoted to the production of castings in green sand, many of which are moulded in the sand-floor itself, and termed "sand-floor," to distinguish it from the dry-sand and loam-work floors. See FLOOR-MOULDING; BLACK SAND.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Sand-mould
A mould constructed in the sand, either in the floor or contained within flasks. In this instance it may be either a dry-sand or green-sand mould, the term "sand-mould" simply distinguishing it from one constructed by the processes of loam-moulding. See LOAM-MOULDING; GREEN-SAND MOULDING; FLOOR-MOULDING; DRY-SAND MOULDING.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Sand-pulverizer
Any machine that will crush lumps and grind the particles of sand together, and thus produce a thorough blending of the materials employed for producing sand and loam mixtures in the foundry. The ordinary loam-mill and crusher may be classed as such; but for the purpose of mixing and sifting the finer grades of sand there are other excellent contrivances, with which, by means of a grinding-plate and vertical yielding bed set in below the hopper, the sand is pulverized and mixed, and finally delivered into a horizontal revolving screen to be sifted. See ROCK-CRUSHER; LOAM-MILL; SAND SCREEN. Sandstone is a rock composed of siliceous or calcareous grains of sand cemented together by siliceous, calcareous, or ferruginous infiltrations, though the loose sand solidifies by pressure alone. The sand grains are invariably composed of quartz with a slight admixture of other minerals, which gives rise to the variations in color. Some of these sandstones, owing to the highly refractory nature of their composition, are occasionally employed as hearths of blast-furnaces, also for the beds of air-furnaces; but the want of homogeneity in the stone makes them liable to crack, and for this reason other refractory materials are generally preferred. See ROCK-SAND; FACING-SAND.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Sand-Screen
The ordinary sand-screen in the foundry is similar to the one used for coal and for the sand used by builders, etc. The regular sizes used for brickwork and plastering is 3- or 4-mesh, for fine sand 5-mesh, for gravel 2-mesh. These frames measure 6 feet high, 26 1/2 inches in width. The sizes most used are 1/4-inch openings for taking out the dust; 3/8-inch for chestnut coal; 1/2 to 5/8-inch for nut; 5/8 to 3/4-inch for stove; 7/8, 1, and 1 1/4-inch for cleaning soft coal. These screens are made with a heavy hard-wood frame, and of extra heavy crimped wire. The frame is securely fastened together with bolts, and the wires are firmly stapled to the frame, and finished at the top and bottom with sheet iron. The revolving screen consists of a grating of wire cloth secured to a framework of iron, forming a cylindrical riddle or sieve, into which the sand is thrown at one end. A slight incline causes what is too large to run through the meshes to pass out at the other end as the cylinder rotates horizontally on its axis.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding