Summer
that season of the year when the sun shines most directly on any region; the warmest season of the year. N. of the equator it is commonly taken to include the months of June, July, and August; though some substitute May, June, and July. The former view conforms better to fact. July, which by this arrangement is midsummer month, is the hottest in the year, for though the maximum of heat is obtained on June 21, the longest day, the amount received for many subsequent days is greater than that lost by radiation, and the temperature continues to increase. Summer is the appropriate season for the hay harvest and for the ripening of the earlier fruits. Astronomically considered, summer begins in the Northern Hemisphere when the sun enters the sign of Cancer about June 21, and continues till September 23, during which time he passes through Cancer, Leo, and Virgo. In the Southern Hemisphere the opposite is the case, it being winter there when it is summer here, and vice versa. During the astronomical summer of the Southern Hemisphere the sun passes through Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.
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Summit
a city of New Jersey, in Union co. It is on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western and the Rahway Valley railroads. It is a favorite residential place on account of its elevation and the beauty of its surrounding scenery. Its public buildings include a public library and a hospital. The chief industry is the manufacture of silk. Pop. (1910) 7,500; (1920) 10,174.
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Summons
in law, a writ commanding the sheriff, or other authorized officer, to notify a party to appear in court, to answer a complaint made against him, and in the same writ specify some day therein mentioned.
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Sumner
EDWIN VOSE, an American military officer; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 30, 1797. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War; served with distinction in the Mexican War in 1846- 1847, especially at the battles of Cerro Gordo and Molino del Rey; was made major in 1846; governor of New Mexico in 1851-1853; in 1855 was made colonel and was one of the escort of Abraham Lincoln from Springfield, Ill., to Washington, D. C., in February , 1861; in March, 1861, promoted Brigadier -General U. S. A. During the Civil War he commanded a corps at the battle of Fair Daks May 31-June 1, 1862; at Malvern Hill July 1, and at the battle of Antietam Sept. 17 of that year; he also commanded one of the three great divisions of Burnside's army at the battle of Fred ericksburg Dec. 13, 1862; was given command of the Department of the Missouri in 1863. He died in Syracuse, N. Y., March 21, 1863.
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Sumner (CHARLES an American statesman)
CHARLES, an American statesman; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1811; was educated at Harvard University. In 1834 he was called to the bar, and shortly afterward became reporter of the United States Circuit Court. In 1836 he published three volumes of Judge Story's decisions, subsequently known as "Sumner's Reports," and edited a periodical called the "American Jurist." He visited Europe in 1837, and returned to Boston in 1840, where he resumed his CHARLES SUMNER legal practice. Between 1844 and 1846 he edited and published "Vesey's Reports" in 20 volumes. In 1851 he was elected to the Senate of the United States and distinguished himself by his strong antipathy to slavery. In May, May, 1856, after delivering a speech vigorously attacking the slaveholders, he was violently assaulted by Preston S. Brooks, member from South Carolina. His injuries compelled him to absent himself from public duties for nearly four years. He was a supporter of Lincoln and Hamlin, and in 1861 he became chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He was an enemy to the policy of President Johnson and opposed the home and foreign policy of President Grant. After the latter's re-election in 1872 Sumner seldom appeared in debate. He died in Washington, D. C., March 11, 1874.
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Sumner (II)
WILLIAM GRAHAM, an American political economist; born in Paterson, N. J., Oct. 30, 1840 ; was graduated at Yale in 1863; studied at Geneva , Göttingen, and Oxford; was tutor at Yale in 1866-1869; in 1867 took orders in the Protestant-Episcopal Church ; was assistant at Calvary Church, New York, and rector of Church of the Redeemer, Morristown, N. J.; appointed Professor of Political Economy and Social Science at Yale College in 1872. His writings include a translation of Lange's "Commentary on Second Kings" (1872); "History of American Currency" ( 1874) ; "Life of Andrew Jackson" (1882); "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other" (1883); "Problems in Political Economy" (1884); " Protectionism" (1885); "History of Banking in the United States" (1896); etc. He died April 12, 1910.
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Sumner (III)
GEORGE WATSON, an American naval officer, born at Constantine, Mich., in 1841. He was graduated from the United States Naval Academ in 1861, becoming a lieutenant in 1862, and rising through the various grades to the rank of rear-admiral in March, 1899. He saw extensive service in the Civil War. His other assignments included , besides the command of various ships of the United States Navy, service with the Hydrographic Office, the Bureau of Ordnance, the Naval War College and the Navy Yards at New York and Philadelphia. From 1902 to 1903, he was commander-inchief of the South Atlantic Squadron, retiring at the end of 1903, upon having reached the age limit.
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Sumner (IV)
WALTER TAYLOR, an American Protestant Episcopal clergyman, born at Manchester, N. H., in 1873. He was educated at Dartmouth College , and at the Western Theological Seminary, and received honorary degrees from these two universities, and from Northwestern University. He was made a deacon in 1903, and a priest in 1904. From 1903 to 1906 , while ser serving as pastor of St. George's Church, Chicago, he was secretary to the Bishop of Chicago; from 1906 to 1915 he was dean of the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, and superintendent of the City Missions of the Episcopal Church, Chicago ; and in 1915 he was consecrated Bishop of Oregon. He also served as a member of the Chicago Board of Education (1909- 1915) and was a member or officer of many religious and charitable associations, commissions, congresses, institutions, etc. Until 1915 he was also chaplain of the 1st Illinois Cavalry, I. N. G.
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