Surakarta
a trading town on the N. E. coast of Java; near the mouth of the Solo river, opposite the island of Madura; 150 miles W. S. W. of Samarang. It is the chief town of the feudatory State of Surakarta and the residence of the emperor and of many of the native princes and nobles. The emperor's palace is a building of great extent and grandeur. The European town, defended by a strong fort, has a trade in rice, sugar, coffee, pepper, tobacco, etc., and a pop. of about 125,000. State, area 2,191 square miles. Pop. 1,100,000.
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Surat
a town of India, Bombay presidency, capital of a district of the same name, on the left bank of the Tapti, about 20 miles above its mouth in the Gulf of Cambay. The town possesses few attractions, and consists of narrow winding streets lined with lofty houses. It contains several public buildings, including two hospitals, and an old castle or fortress now containing public offices. Surat was first heard of in 1512 as sacked by the Portuguese. The first English factory was established here in 1612, and 40 years later all the other possessions of the company were placed in subordination to it. In 1692 the seat of government was transferred to Bombay. Henceforth Surat became a bone of contention between the Mogul deputy and Mahratta invaders. In 1759 the English seized the castle; and in 1799, on the death of the last real nawab, themselves assumed the administration. In 1842 the titular dignity of Nawab of Surat also became extinct. Surat is still a considerable center of trade and minor manufactures. The organization of trade guilds is here highly developed. The chief exports are agricultural produce and cotton. Pop. about 115,000.
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Surety
SURETYSHIP, in law one who is bound with and for another who is primarily liable, and who is called the principal; one who enters into a bond or recognizance to answer for his payment of a debt, or for the performance of some act, and who, in case of the
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Surety
SURETYSHIP Black Hole. He succeeded his grandfather, Ali Verdy Khan, in 1756, and within two months of his accession found a pretext for marching on Calcutta. On the arrival of Clive and Admiral Watson he retreated to Moorshedabad, but was routed at the battle of Plassey (June 23, 1757). He then fled up the Ganges, but was betrayed by a fakir, and was put to death by order of the son of Meer Jaffier, the new nawab. Surajah Dowlah's reign lasted 15 months, his age at the time of his death being barely 20.
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Surety (II)
SURETYSHIP failure of the principal, is liable to pay the debt and damages; a bondsman, a bail. A surety of good behavior is a recognizance or obligation to the commonwealth entered into by a person with one or more sureties before some competent judge of record, whereby the parties acknowledge themselves to be indebted to the commonwealth in a specified amount, with condition to be void if the defendant shall demean and behave himself well, either generally or specially, for the time therein limited. It includes surety for the peace and something more. A justice may bind over all night-walkers, such as keep suspicious company, or are reported to be pilferers or robbers, common drunkards, cheats, idle vagabonds, and other persons whose misbehavior may reasonably bring them within the general words of the statute as persons not of good fame. A surety of the peace is the acknowledgement of a bond to the commonwealth, taken by a competent judge of record, for keeping the peace.
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Surf Duck
or SURF SCOTER, a species of duck (Oidemia perspicillata), about the size of a mallard, rarely seen on the British coasts, but frequently on the coasts of Labrador, Hudson Bay, and other parts of North America.
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Surface
in mathematics, the boundary of a solid, having two dimensions, length and breadth. It may be conceived to be generated by the motion of a straight or curved line, just as a curve is generated by the motion of a point. Of all surfaces, the most important are which are inthose of the second order, wh tersected by a straight line in at most two points, and whose curve of section by a plane is is a curve of the second order. Hyperboloids, ellipsoids, paraboloids, spheres, cones, and cylinders, and also the limiting case of two planes, are included among the so-called quadric surfaces.
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Surgeon
one who practises surgery; in a more limited sense, one who cures diseases or injuries of the body by operating manually upon the patient. In a more general sense, one whose occupation is to treat diseases or injuries by medical appliances, whether internal or external. In ichthyology, a popular name for any species of the genus Acanthurus, from the sharp, erectile, lancet-shaped spine with which each side of the tail is armed. In the early stages of their growth these fish are so different from the fully-developed individuals, that for some time the young fish were placed in a separate genus, Acronurus. Surgeon-general, in the United States Army the chief of the medical department. In the British Army a surgeon ranking next below the chief of the medical department.
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Surgeons
AMERICAN COLLEGE The thirteenth annual convention OF. of the American College of Surgeons was held in Chicago, during the latter part of October, 1923. This is the leading organization of the surgical section of the medical profession in the United States, and its membership of some 2,800 is chosen only after the most rigid investigation. Some of the most important subjects discussed during the convention were "Thyroid -Therapy," by Dr. F. N. C. Starr of Toronto; " Ethylene," the new anæsthetic; "Surgical Progress," by Dr. Wm. Mayo; "Man as an Electrochemical Mechanism," by by Dr. Geo. W. Crile. Dr. Albert J. Ochsner, of the University of Illinois and Augustana Hospital, Chicago, was elected president, succeeding Dr. Harvey Cushing of Boston.
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Surgeons (COLLEGE OF side and four)
COLLEGE OF side and four on the other, the ninth justice alone can arbitrarily rule the decision of the court. He declared also that the present law has allowed the Supreme Court to overthrow many times laws to restrict child labor and other necessary legislation. The opponents of the plan pointed out that only fifty times in the history of the nation has the Supreme Court declared Acts of Congress unconstitutional and that in only nine of these cases was a decision made by a five to four vote. They urged that to establish a 7-2 rule would produce a condition worse than the present in that three objectors on the bench could do as much to uphold a bad and unconstitutional law as five justices can now do to overthrow a good one. Senator La Follette urged an even more radical plan. By this no subordinate judge would uld be allowed to set aside an Act of Congress, and the Supreme Court could set aside such a law only once. A measure of this kind would require a constitutional amendment.
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