Swimming Bladder
the swim bladder or air bladder of fishes; a hollow sac, formed of several tunics, containing gas, situated in the abdominal cavity, but outside the peritoneal sac, entirely closed or communicating by a duct with intestinal tract. The special function of the swimming bladder is to alter the specific gravity of the fish, or to change the center of gravity. It is absent in the Leptocardii, Cyclostomata, Chondropterygii, and Holocephala, but occurs in all the Ganoidei, in one suborder of which (Dipnoi) it possesses anatomical characters, and assumes, to some extent, the functions of a lung; in the genus Ceratodus, the swimming bladder, though a single cavity, has symmetrically arranged internal pouches, while in the other genera of the sub-order (Lepidosiren and Protopterus) it is laterally halved, is supplied with venous blood by a true pulmonary artery, and by its cellular structure are closely approaches the lungs of a reptile.
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Swinburne
ALGERNON CHARLES, an English poet and essayist, son of Admiral Charles Henry Swinburne; born in London, England, 1837; was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. His first productions were "Queen Mother" and "Rosamund" (1861). They wero followed by two tragedies: "Atalanta in Calydon" (1864), and "Chastelard" (1865), and by "Poems and Ballads" (1866), reprinted as "Laus Veneris"; "A A Song g of Italy" (1867); "William Blake," a critical essay (1867); "Ode on the Proclamation of the French Republic, Sept. 4, 1870"; "Songs Before Sunrise" (1871); "Bothwell," a tragedy (1874); ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE "Notes on Charlotte Brontë" (1877); "Mary Stuart: a Tragedy" (1881); "Tristram of Lyonesse" (1882); "A Century of Roundels" (1883); "Marino Faliero: a Tragedy" (1885); "A Study of Victor Hugo" (1886); a collection of essays and criticisms under the title of "Miscellanies" (1886); a poem on the "Armada" (1888); "A Study of Ben Jonson" (1890); "Astrophel, and Other Poems" ( (1894); "Studies in Prose and Poetry" (1894); "The Tale of Balen" (1896); and "Rosamund" (1899). He died April 10, 1909.
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Swinburne (II)
WILLIAM THOMAS, an American naval officer, born at Newport, R. I., in 1847. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1866, and in the same year was appointed ensign. He served on various vessels and stations, and from 1886 to 1890 was on duty at the Naval Academy. He became lieutenant-commander in 1887, and was executive officer on the "Boston" from 1890 to 1893. In the latter year he commanded the battalion landed in Honolulu. After four years further service at the Naval Academy, he became commander in 1896. He served in the North Atlantic Fleet during the Spanish-American War, and took part in several engagements. In 1899 he joined the fleet at Manila under Admiral Dewey. He commanded warships, convoys, and troops to the Philippines in the year following. He was promoted to be captain in 1901, and rearadmiral in 1906. From 1906 to 1909 he was commander-in-chief of the Pacific Squadron. In the latter year he was commander of the Naval War College. He retired from active service in 1909.
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Swinburne, Algernon
Algernon (1837-1909), an English poet and essayist. He was born in London. He studied at Oxford, but he left without taking a degree, and began at once publishing poems which for some time attracted no attention. He was associated with Dante Rossetti and Walter Savage Landor, and was an admirer of Victor Hugo. His first work to attract attention was Atalanta in Calydon, published in 1862, in which he displayed that facile metrical invention for which he is celebrated, and in which he is almost unequaled. Other writings of Swinburne's are Poems and Ballads, Songs before Sunrise, Songs of Two Nations, A Century of Roundels, and The Sisters. Swinburne's critical writings do not display the quality of fine discrimination. He either over-praises or over-blames. He wrote eulogies on Charlotte Bronte, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and Victor Hugo. Swinburne's reputation as a poet rests upon his mastery of poetic form, in which respect he has been compared with Milton and Shelley. He has been called a "molder of exquisite melodies."
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Swindon
a municipal borough of England, in Wiltshire, about 75 miles west of London. The town is mentioned as Swindone in the Doomesday Book and is built on an elevation giving a fine view of the surrounding country. There are important locomotive and carriage works of the Great Western railway. Corn and cattle markets, the charter for which dates back to the times of Charles I., are still maintained.
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Swine
. See Hog
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Swinnerton
FRANK ARTHUR, a British novelist and critic; born at Wood Green, England, in 1884. He began work at 14 in the London office of Hay Nisbet & Co., Glasgow publishers, and was subsequently on the staff of J. M. Dent & Co. Later he became reader to Chatto & Windus, publishers. His works include: "The Merry Heart"; "The Young Idea"; "The Casement"; "The Happy Family"; "George Gissing: a Critical Study"; "On the Staircase"; "R. L. Stevenson: a Critical Study"; "The Chaste Wife"; "Nocturne"; "Shops and Houses"; "September." American
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Swinton (JOHN an journalist born)
JOHN, an journalist; born in Salton, Scotland, Dec. 12, 1830; early learned the printer's trade; came to Canada about 1853 and afterward to New York City; took part in the Kansas "free State" contest; studied medicine; was chief of editorial staff of the "Times" from 1860 through the war; resigned post of managing editor, but continued his connection with the paper till 1869; then with Horace Greely on the "Tribune" till about 1874; then chief of staff of the "Sun" till 1883, when he resigned to start "John Swinton's Paper," conducting it till 1887. In the spring of 1874 he became the active champion of workingmen; was nominated by them for mayor of New York, but polled only 200 votes; took active part as public speaker, writer, and worker in all the movements of labor in New York after 1874. He wrote "The New Issue" (1870); "Eulogy on Henry J. Raymond" (1870); "John Swinton's Travels" (1880); and an "Oration on John Brown" (1881). He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1901.
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Swinton (WILLIAM an American educator)
WILLIAM, an American educator, brother of John; born in Salton, Scotland, April 23, 1833. During the Civil War he was war correspondent of the New York "Times"; from 1869 to 1872 he was Professor of English Language and Literature in the University of California. His writings include: "Rambles Among Words"; "Twelve Decisive Battles of the War"; "Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac"; "Word Analysis" ; "Studies in English Literature"; and "Outlines of the World's History." He died in New York City Oct. 25, 1892 .
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