Sanaa
the former capital of the Imams of Yemen; 200 miles N. by W. of Aden, in a broad grassy valley, sheltered by hills 1,200 and 1,500 feet high; is itself 7,250 feet above the sea. city and its suburbs are surrounded by walls, and overlooked by a couple of ruined fortresses . Few of the buildings are older than the 16th century, though the city has been in existence from the remotest ages. It was long the capital of the independent Imams of Yemen, and during that period was noted for its handsome buildings and gardens, its palaces, mosques, baths, etc. In 1872 it submitted to Turkish rule and has since then declined in commercial importance and been allowed to fall into decay. Pop. about 25,000.
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Sanatorium
a place to which people resort for the improvement of their health. coat of sackcloth
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Sanbenito
a worn by penitents on their reconciliation to the church. Also a loose cloak or upper garment worn by persons condemned to death by the Inquisition on their way to the auto da fé. They were painted over with flames, figures of devils, the person's own portrait, etc.; or in the case of those who expressed repentance for their errors, with flames directed downward. Those worn by Jews, renegades, and sorcerers bore a St. Andrew's cross in red on back and front. mountain
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Sanborn
FRANKLIN BENJA- MIN, an American journalist; born in Hampton Falls, N. H., Dec. 15, 1831; was graduated at Harvard University in 1855 and early turned his attention to journalism. He was editor of the Boston "Commonwealth," the Springfield "Republican" and the "Journal of Social Science" in 1867-1897; published 20 State reports on charities, labor, etc.; lectured extensively at Cornell, Smith, and Wellesley Colleges, and at the Concord School of Philosophy; and was intimately associated with various State and private charitable organizations. His publications include biographies of Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, John Brown and Dr. Earle, and numerous social and philosophical papers and lectures. He died in 1917.
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Sancho Panza
. See Don Quixote
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Sanctification
a term applied in Scripture, as well as in theology, to denote the process by which the effaced image of God in man is restored, and the sinner becomes a saint. It is based on the holiness of God, who communicates His purity to His people by means of the Holy Spirit. Sanctification is distinguished from justification in this, that while justification changes the state of the sinner in law before God as a judge, sanctification changes the heart before Him as a father. Justification precedes sanctification; the one removing the guilt, the other the power of sin. The former is an act done at once, the latter is a gradual process.
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Sanctuary
among the ancient Jews the innermost chamber of the tabernacle-afterward of the temple, in which was kept the ark of the Covenant, and was never entered, except by the high priest once a year. It was also called the Holy of Holies, Sanctum Sanctorum. In the Christian Church, the bema, or inner portion of the ch church, imme ately round the altar, was called the sanctuary. From the sacred character of the churches, and from the rising power of the clergy, they came to be resorted to as asylums by fugitives from the hands of justice, and afterward certain churches were set apart specially for that purpose, and were termed "sanctuaries." The abuses to which this system gave rise, as tending entirely to defeat the ends of justice, led to its abolition in all the Christian countries.
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Sand
ordinarily, a kind of soil, forming, with clay and mold, the surface of the agricultural portions of the earth. Vast stretches of country are covered with sand Pure sand consists of finely ground crystalline rocks, chiefly quartz. It is present in almost all soils and on careful examination shows all degrees of age. Some grains have sharp edges like newly fractured bits of glass, others are worn smooth and round by constant rubbing together. Sand varies in color, owing to tinctures of different minerals. Iron gives sand a reddish tinge. The term has passed into traditional use. "Sand in one's make-up" is another expression for true grit. No tie can be more worthless than "a rope of sand." The "sands of life" have reference to the running sand employed in hour glasses to denote the passing of time. "To sand one's track" means to render assistance. It is derived from the custom of locomotive engineers who dribble sand in front of their driving wheels to prevent them from slipping. The uses of sand in the industrial arts, as glass-making, plastering, concreting, molding, and the like, are numerous. Special articles may be consulted. See Silicon ; Concrete ; Glass , etc.
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Sand
Fine particles of stone or mineral. The finely granulated particles of siliceous stones constitute the beach and river sand, which, when dry, are without cohesion. The various sands are made through the agency of winds, water, decomposition by chemical action, and other agencies. See FACING-SAND.
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Sand (Comminuted fragments of ig)
comminuted fragments of ig. neous, metamorphic, or volcanic rocks, or of chert, flint, etc. They are detached from the parent rock, and as bowlders and pebbles are ground against each other by water on sea-beaches or in any similar way. The colors of sand correspond to those of the minerals in the rocks from which they were detached. It may be red, white, gray, or black, but when quartzose, as it often is, it is normally reddishyellow, from oxide of iron. Sea-sand often contains Foraminifera, spicules of sponges, minute fragments of shells, por tions of the body of Echinoderms. ( See SANDSTONE.) In the plural, tracts of land consisting of sand, as the deserts of Arabia or Africa; also, tracts of sand left exposed by the ebb of the tide.
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Sand Crab
or RACING CRAB, a genus (Ocypoda) of crabs which live in holes in the sand along the sea shores of warm countries. O. cursor inhabits the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian of its motions.
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Sand Eel
in ichthyology, a popular name for the genus Ammodytes, and especially for A. lanceolatus, called also the greater, to distinguish it from A. tobianus, the lesser sand eel. They live in shoals, and are much sought after by fishermen, who discover their presence on the surface by watching the porpoises which feed on them.
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