Scharnhorst
GERHARD JO- sten. Occurs as a pale-colored, stony HANN DAVID VÓN, a Prussian military officer; born in Bordenau, Hanover, Nov. 12, 1755. He entered the army of Hanover, and took part in the campaigns in Flanders of the years 1793-1795. In 1801 he transferred his services to Prussia and was appointed director of the training school for Prussian officers. Five years later he was wounded at Auerstädt and taken prisoner at Lübeck, but released in time to be present at the battle of Eylau. In 1807 he began be the great work of his life; he was put at the head of the commission for reorganizing the armies of Prussia. He reformed the army, introduced the short service (Krümper) system, created a better spirit among both officers and men, and so converted what had been a mercenary force into a national army. It was principally by means of this new weapon that Gerwas able crush Napoleon at Leipsic six years later (1813). Scharn horst was wounded at Grossgorschen while acting as chief of the staff of the Silesian army, and died in Prague, Bohemia, June 28, 1813.
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Schauffler
ROBERT HAVEN, an American writer and musician, born at Brünn, Austria, in 1879, of American parents. He graduated from Princeton in 1902, and took post-graduate studies at the University of Berlin, where he also studied music. He was musical editor of several magazines, and contributed on musical subjects to many periodicals. During the World War he served as regimental intelligence officer for the 313th Infantry, and was severely wounded in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. His published writings include "Where Speech Ends" (1906); "Romantic Germany" (1909); "Scum o' the Earth and Other Poems" (1912) "Romantic America" (1913); "The Joyful Heart" (1915). SCHAUMBURG - LIPPE, a former principality of the German Empire, proclaimed a republic in November, 1918. Area, 131 square miles. In the north it is hilly and well wooded. The principal article of manufacture is linen. In the south agriculture and gardening are the chief industries, while coal is mined in the east. Pop., about 47,000, all of whom, with the exception of some 750 Catholics and some 250 Jews, are Protestant. The capital is Bückeburg (pop. about 6,000). Previous to November, 1918, the country was ruled by a cadet branch of the Lippe family. The state became a principality in 1807, joined the North German Confederation in 1866, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871.
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Scheelite
native calcium tungstate, CaWO4, an important ore of tunglooking mineral. Owing to its unusual heaviness it was given the name tungsten by the Swedes, meaning "heavy stone." The name was later used to describe the metal when it was discovered in 1781 by K. W. Scheele, while the ore itself was given the name scheelerz or scheelite.
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Scheff
FRITZI, an Austro-American prima donna, born in Vienna, Austria, in 1882. She received her musical education at Frankfort, Germany, and appeared on the operatic stage for the first time at the Munich Opera House, first apin 1900. In 1902 she made her her pearance at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, remaining ng a member of its company under the management of Maurice Grau, from 1900 to 1903. In the latter year she appeared in New York for the first time in a musical comedy, to which work she devoted herself until 1913. From 1913 to 1918 she appeared principally in vaudeville, returning in the latter year to the musical opera stage in "Glorianna." She was married three times; first to Baron von Bardeleben of the German army, second to John Fox, Jr. (q. v.), and third to George Anderson, an actor.
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Scheldt
skelt, a river of western Europe. It rises in northeastern France and flows through Belgium and the Netherlands into the North Sea . Its mouth is directly opposite that of the Thames. At Ghent it is navigable for boats of considerable size. By the time it reaches Antwerp, it is 45 feet deep and 1,600 feet wide. It here forms a capacious harbor. In his Traveler, Goldsmith speaks of the river as the "lazy Scheldt," an epithet applied fittingly, for the river crawls slowly to the sea through a fertile region of gardens and meadows intersected by canals.
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Schellenberg
a village 9 miles S. of Salzburg, Austria; was the scene of the first engagement in the War of the Spanish Succession in which the English took part. Marlborough's army of 40,000 men drove a Bavarian corps of 12,000 from the fortified heights above the vil lage, after a short, fierce fight, on July 4, 1704.
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Schelling
FRIEDRICH WIL- HELM JOSEPH VON, a German philosopher; born in Leonberg, Württemberg, Jan. 27, 1775. He studied first at Tübinwhere he and Hegel became intito Leipsic mate friends, thence he went and Jena. At Jena he studied under Fichte, whom he succeeded in the chair of philosophy at that university in 1798. In 1803 he was transferred to Wurzburg; and in 1807 to Munich, where he remained till 1841, when he accepted a chair at Berlin. This chair he soon relinquished, and the last years of his life were spent in comparative seclusion. Schelling's place in the great series of Germ German ph philosophers is determined to be between Fichte and Hegel. His metaphysical theory is generally known by the name of the "System of Identity." He died in Ragatz, Switzerland, Aug. 20, 1854.
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Schelling, Friedrich
shel'ing, Friedrich (1775-1854), a German philosopher. He was a native of Wurtemberg. He studies at the universities of Tubingen, Leipsic, and Jena. At the latter he came under the influence of Fichte. He held university positions at Erlangen, Vurzburg, Munich, and Berlin. In the development of German philosophy he follows Fichte and precedes Hegel. The kernel of his thought is difficult to state. He taught that the mere mind or intellect of man recognizes two divisions of the universe. They are matter and mind,--the objective and the subjective, the real and the ideal, being and thought, body and soul, the finite and the infinite. "In fact, however," says Schelling, "the two are one. God and Nature are the same."
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