Sgraffito
or SCRATCHED WORK, the name given to a mode of external wall decoration practiced in Italy, and of which examples have been found in Pozzuoli near Naples , of the date of about 200 B. c. The process is accomplished by means of superimposed layers of plaster applied and operated on in the following manner: First, the wall having been thoroughly moistened to insure adhesion, a 4-inch coat of plaster is floated on, and before it is perfectly dry a 4-inch skin of black, red, or any other colored plaster that will not fade is applied; when this is set and while it is still wet , we a finishing coat of white plaster is added. A full-sized drawing of the design that is to be realized is then transferred to this outer coating, and the outline cut through to the second coat with a sharp instrument, and made broad or narrow according to the effect desired, and where necessary these incisions are enforced by additional lines as shading . Examples of the system are to be found in the choir boys' school of St. Paul's Cathedral, the inner court of the Science Schools at South Kensington, and the interiors of some churches in England . There are 15th-century specimens of sgraffito pottery in the South Kensington Museum. The examples of house decoration in Italy are of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.
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Shackle
A link with an open end, the extremities of which are forged to receive a pin or bolt, by which means a connection may be made with a chain; or it may be employed to join two chains together. Some are made link-form, and others are made like a ring. Their chief use in the foundry is to handle heavy cores and flasks, for which reason the eyes should be always made large in order that strong pins or bolts may be inserted. If pins are used, one end should be jumped and the other keyed, to prevent slipping out. The nut answers this purpose when a bolt is used. Shakdo is a Japanese bronze of great beauty, the composition of which consists of copper containing from one to ten per cent of gold. Its bluish-black color is preserved by boiling the polished article in an artificial bronze solution composed of sulphate of copper, alum, and verdigris. See BRONZE. Shale is a hard, slaty clay composed chiefly of silica and alumina, but in some instances containing lime and oxide of iron. It forms in the coal-measures and often contains a quantity of bitumen: it is then known as bituminous shale, from which variety shale-oil is obtained by distillation. Shale has a slaty structure, generally grayish black in color, but red when iron is present. Slate-pencils are made from it, and when free from iron and lime it is ground up and used for making fire-bricks. See BITUMEN.
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Shaddai
One of the ten divine names given in the rabbinical legend of the angelic hierarchies. This essence influences the sphere of the moon: it causes increase and decrease, and rules the jinn and protecting spirits. 66
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Shadwell
THOMAS, an English dramatist; born in Stanton Hall, Norfolk, England, about 1640. His comedy "The Sullen Lovers," produced in 1668, brought him reputation. Among many other plays, he was the author of "The Virtuoso" (1676); "Lancashire Witches" (1682); "The Squire of Alsatia" (1688); and "Volunteers; or, The Stock-Jobbers" (1693). He became poet-laureate and historiographer royal in 1688, succeeding lantic coast of America, and in some of Dryden in both positions. ("Works," 4 vols. 1720.) He died Nov. 20, 1692.
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Shafroth
JOHN FRANKLIN, a United States Senator from Colorado, born at Fayette, Mo., in 1854. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1875 and in the following year was admitted to the bar. After practicing in Fayette, Mo., he removed to Denver. He was city attorney of that city from 1887 to 1891. In 1895 he was elected to Congress, and was re-elected until 1905. He was governor of Colorado from 1909 to 1911, and again from 1911 to 1913. In the latter year he became United States Senator, serving until 1919.
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Shafter
WILLIAM RUFUS, an American military officer; born in Galesburg, Mich., Oct. 16, 1835; at the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the 7th Michigan Infantry as a 1st lieutenant, Aug. 22, 1861; engaged in the battles eng of Fair Oaks, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill; became major of the 19th Michigan Infantry, Sept. 5, 1862; was in the action at Thompson Station, Tenn. (taken prisoner in March, 1863, and exchanged in May, 1863); became lieutenant-colonel of the 19th Michigan Infantry, June 5, 1863; colonel of the 17th United States colored troops, April WILLIAM RUFUS SHAFTER 19, 1864; brevet brigadier-general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious services during the war; and was mustered out of the volunteer service Nov. 2, 1865. He entered the regular army and became lieutenant-colonel of the 41st Infantry, Jan. 26, 1867; assigned to the 24th Infantry, April 14, 1869; colonel of 1st Infantry, March 4, 1879; and brigadiergeneral May 3, 1897. On the breaking out of the Spanish-American War he was given command of the army mobilized for the invasion of Cuba; his first decisive move was the landing of 16,000 men in Cuba in about 12 hours without an accident. For details of this campaign see SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. He commanded the Department of California in 1899-1901, and was retired June 30, 1901. He died Nov. 12, 1906.
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Shag
coarse hair or nap; rough woolly hair; a kind of cloth having a long coarse nap; a kind of tobacco cut into fine shreds; a shred; roughness, coarseness; in ornithology, the Phalacrocorax graculus, the scart, or crested cormorant. It is smaller than the common cormorant (P. carbo), from which it is distinguished also by its rich dark green plumage, with purple and bronze reflections. Se Sexes colored alike.
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Shah
the title given by European writers to the sovereign of Persia; in his own country he is known by the compound title Padishah. Also a chieftain or prince.
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