Shan States
a number of tributary States in Indo-China, between Munnipur on the W. and Yunnan on the E., and from the parallel of lat. 24° N. S. to Bangkok and Cambodia. Of these the Northern States are tributary to Burma, and the Southern to Siam. A great portion of the mountainous region of these States is called the Laos Country, and is inhabited toward the N. by the Blackbellies, so called from the circumstance that they tattoo themselves with figures in ink, and in the S. by the White-bellies, who do not tattoo. Xiengmai, the capital of Laos, stands on a wide plain on the Meinam, 500 miles N. of Bangkok, and is said to contain 50,000 inhabitants. The number of Laocians included in Siam alone is estimated at 1,000,000. They are meek, gentle, unwarlike, and superstitious. Their chief employment is agriculture; and in religion they are Buddhists.
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Shanhaikwan
a province of Chihli, China. It has fortifications and is situated at the E. end of the Great Wall, on the Gulf of Pechili. It is divided into three different quarters by thick walls, the three quarters being inclosed by another wall. Business is transacted in the central town, the others being given over to officials and residents. Pop. about 38,000 .
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Shank
A foundry-ladle for holding molten metal. It is distinguished from the hand and crane ladles by its mountings, which consist of an encircling wrought iron belt, to which is welded the single and double ends for carrying it away by hand. Shanks are made of both cast and wrought iron (the latter to be always preferred), and their capacity ranges from 100 to 400 pounds. Small shanks are managed by two men, the larger ones requiring from three to five men, according to the weight of metal carried away. They are sometimes made to hold a ton or more, but are then lifted in a bale by means of the crane, and these are neither as safe nor as handy as when suitable gearing is attached. See LADLE; HAND-LADLE; CRANE-LADLE.
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Shanklin
WILLIAM ARNOLD, an American educator, born at Carrollton, Mo., in 1862. He graduated from Hamilton College , in 1883, and afterward studied at the Garrett Biblical Institute. He was ordained to the Methodist Episcopal ministry in 1889, and served as pastor in churches in Kansas, Washington, Iowa, and Pennsylvania. From 1905 to 1909 he was president of the Upper Iowa University, and in the latter year was chosen president of Wesleyan University.
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Shanny
or SHAN, a fish, the Blennius pholius, sometimes called the smooth blenny. It is about four inches long, olive-green, with irregular black spots. There is no crest-like appendage on the head, and the notched dorsal is not continuous with the caudal fin. The incisors are long, and serve to detach limpets and mussels from the rocks. The shanny will endure fresh water for a short time, and will live for many days out of water in places if the ground is moist.
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Shansi
an inland province of northern China; area, 81,830 square miles; pop. about 10,000,000. It is the original seat of the Chinese people, and in its lowland parts is well cultivated. The rivers, which are almost all tributaries of the Yellow river, are numerous, but not large. The chief grain crops are wheat and millet, and there are coal, iron, copper, and other minerals. Capital, Tai-yuen-foo.
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Shantung
a maritime province of China; on the Yellow Sea; area, 55,970 square miles; pop. 25,810,000. The chief river is the Yellow river, which, after traversing the province in a N. E. direction, flows into the Gulf of Peh-chih-li. Wheat, millet, and indigo are the chief products, and the manufactures include silk, hempen cloths, felt, etc. It was in this province that Confucius was born. This province contains the important harbors of Chefoo and Wei-hai-wei. See CHINA.
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Shape of Pivots
Pivots must be hard, round and well polished; their shoulders are to be flat, not too large, with ends well rounded off, so that they do not wear the cap jewel. The jewel holes must be round, smooth and not larger than is requisite for the free motion of the pivot which is surrounded with oil. Their sides must be parallel to those of the pivots, so that they sustain pressure of pivot equally at all points of their length. The holes, if of brass or gold, must have been hammered sufficiently hard, so that the pores of the metal are closed to prevent too rapid wear. It is well if the oil sinks are of a size that will accommodate a sufficient quantity of oil, which, if too little, would soon dry out or become thickened with the worn off particles of the metal. The under-turnings of the pinion leaves are conical, but in such a way that the thicker part be nearest to the pivot, because by this disposition the oil is retained at the pivot by attraction, and does not seek to spread into the pinion leaves, as is often the case, especially with flat watches, in which this provision is frequently slighted.
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Shapinshay
one of the Orkney Islands of Scotland, between the islands of Stronsay and Pomona. It is about 4½ miles long and 4 miles broad; area, 6,733 acres, of which nine-tenths are under cultivation, and yield excellent crops of grain. The surface is generally flat, but at one point rises to the height of 162 feet.
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Shari
a large river in Central Africa, which enters the S. side of Lake Tchad by several mouths after a course of about 1,400 miles from the S. E. See TCHAD, LAKE.
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Sharpe
HENRY GRANVILLE, an American soldier, born at Kingston, N. Y., in 1858. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1880, and was appointed 2nd lieutenant in the same year. He resigned in 1882, but was reappointed as a captain in 1883. He was promoted major in 1895, colonel in 1901, and commissary-general in 1905. In 1912 he was made brigadier general in the Quartermaster Corps, and in 1916 was made major-general and quartermaster general. In 1918 he became major general of the line of the army. He superintended relief work during several floods in the south, and had charge of the commissary of the 1st Army Corps, and of the Department of Porto Rico during the Spanish-American War. He was chief commissary of the Philippines from 1902 to 1904, and in 1918-19 commanded the Southeastern Department. He served in France in the latter year. He was the author of "The Art of Subsisting Armies in War," and "The Provisioning of the Modern Army in the Field."
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