Sharpsburg
a borough in Allegheny co., Pa.; on the Allegheny river, and on the Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroads; 5 miles N. E. of Pittsburgh. Here are public and private schools, banks, and a number of weekly newspapers. The borough contains numerous coal mines, foundries and iron furnaces. Pop. (1910) 8,153; (1920) 8,921.
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Shasta
MOUNT, a peak of volcanic origin in Siskiyou co., Cal., at the N. end of the Sierra Nevada, 14,350 feet above sea-level. On its summit are three glaciers, one of which, the Whitney glacier, is 3 miles long. On its slopes are some gigantic trees over 300 feet high. The mountain is almost a perfect cone, and is a dormant volcano.
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Shaster
or SHASTRA, in Brahmanism, that by which faith and practice are governed, an institute of letters, law, or religion considered as of divine authority. Used of the Vedas and other books of the Brahmanic scriptures.
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Shaughnessy
THOMAS GEORGE, 1st Baron, born at Milwaukee, Wis., in the Catholic 1853. He was educated in public schools and in 1882 became general THOMAS GEORGE SHAUGHNESSY purchasing agent on the Canadian Pacific railway, subsequently becoming assistant general al manager and president. He was also president and director of a number of railway companies, all of which were directly or indirectly conrailway. d in 1907 was ALBERT, an American editor; in Shandon, Butler co., Ohio, July 23, 1857; was educated at Iowa Co Iowa College and Johns Hopkins University. After 1891 he was the editor of the American "Review of Reviews." Included in his publications are: "Icaria: a Chapter in the History of Communism" (1884); "Co-operation in a Western City" (1886); "The National Revenue" (1888); “Municipal Government in Great Britain"; "Municipal Government in Continental Europe"; "Outlook of the Average Man" (1907); "Cartoon History of Roosevelt's Career" (1910), etc.
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Shaw University
a coëducational Institution in Raleigh, N. C., for colored students; founded in 1865 under the auspices of the Baptist Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 23; students, 464; president, Charles F. Meserve, LL. D.
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Shawnee
a city of Oklahoma, in Pottawatomie co. It is on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroads. It has railroad shops, cotton gins, oil bil mills, etc. It is the seat of the Baptist University and the Catholic University. Pop. (1910) 12,474; (1920) 15,348.
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Shays
DANIEL, an American insurgent; born in Hopkinton, Mass., in 1747; served as ensign at the battle of Bunker Hill, and attained the rank of captain in the Continental army. He took a leading part in the popular movement in western Massachusetts for the redress of alleged grievances, appearing before Springfield, Mass., at the head of 1,000 men to prevent the session of the Supreme Court at that place, and commanding the rebel party at Pellham and at the engagement with the militia at Petersham. After the rebellion was put down, however, he was pardoned by the government and later, in his old age, was allowed a pension for his services during the Revolutionary War. He died in Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1825.
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She-Goat
One of the branches of augury in ancient Rome dealt especially with the signs which might be derived from animals; and it was believed that if a she-goat crossed the path of a man who was stepping out of his house it was a good omen, and he might proceed on his way rejoicing and "think upon Caranus."
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Shea
the Bassia butyracea of botanists, is a native of tropical Asia and Africa. The trunk of this tree, when pierced, yields a copious milky juice, and shea or vegetable butter is found in the nuts when crushed.
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Shears
A machine used in forges and rolling-mills for cutting up puddle-bars into suitable lengths for piling, trimming the edges of sheets, plates, etc. Crocodile or alligator shears are generally some form of lever-shears consisting of a fixed bottom jaw or knife, to which at the root of the knife is attached the vibrating-arm or lever-jaw. A crank or excentric at the opposite end of the lever causes the upper jaw to open and shut after the manner of an alligator's mouth; hence the name. The plate-shearing machine is made with diagonal-edged knives of considerable length; the bottom one is fixed, and the upper has a vertical motion within parallel guides. These are employed for sheet and plate work. Guillotine-shears are similar in design to plate-shears; but, as their use is for cutting up the hot steel ingots into lengths suitable for subsequent operations in the mill, the knives are much shorter and the guides closer together, giving the machine an appearance of the instrument from which it derives its name. There are also numerous designs of combined shear and punch, both of which motions are derived from gear connection with the fly-wheel. Hydraulic shears may be of two forms: the stroke is either upward or downward, according to the position of the press.
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Sheartails
a genus of humming birds, of which the slender tail (T. enicura) and Cora's shearsheartail tail (T. Cora) are two familiar species. These birds occur, the former in Central America generally; the latter in Peru and in the Andes valleys. They derive their name from the elongation of the two central tail feathers of the males.
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Shearwater
the name of several marine birds of the genus Puffinus. The greater shearwater (P. cinereus), which is 18 inches long, is found on the S. W. GREATER SHEARWATER coasts of England and Wales. They fly rapidly, skimming over the sea, from which they pick up small fishes, mollusks, etc. The name is sometimes applied to the scissor-bill or skimmer (Rhynchops nigra).
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Sheatfish
a name applied to any fish of the family Siluridæ, but specifically to Silurus glanis, called also the sly silurus, with the exception of the sturgeon, the largest European freshwater fish. It is allied to the catfish. It is common in Germany, Poland, Styria, the Danube, and the rivers of southern Russia. It attains a weight of from 300 to 400 pounds, and the flesh of the young fish is well-flavored. The fat is used in dressing leather, and the air bladder is made into gelatine.
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