Shaftesbury (II)
ANTHONY ASH- LEY COOPER, THIRD EARL OF, an English philosophical and moral writer, grandson of the preceding; born in Exeter House, London, England, Feb. 26, 1671. When only 11 years of age he could read Greek and Latin with ease. In 1695 he became the representative in Parliament of Poole, in Dorsetshire, and strongly supported measures favorable to public liberty. In consequence of ill health he resigned his seat in 1698, and visited Holland as a student of physic. Vol 8 X-Cyc In 1708-1709 he published several works of a philosophical character, among others a "Letter on Enthusiasm" and an "Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit." In 1710 his rapidly declining health led him to fix his residence at Naples. His writings were collected and published together under the title of "Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times." In 1716 and 1721 collections of his correspondence were published. He died in Naples, Italy, Feb. 15, 1713.
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Shag
coarse hair or nap; rough woolly hair; a kind of cloth having a long coarse nap; a kind of tobacco cut into fine shreds; a shred; roughness, coarseness; in ornithology, the Phalacrocorax graculus, the scart, or crested cormorant. It is smaller than the common cormorant (P. carbo), from which it is distinguished also by its rich dark green plumage, with purple and bronze reflections. Se Sexes colored alike.
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Shah
the title given by European writers to the sovereign of Persia; in his own country he is known by the compound title Padishah. Also a chieftain or prince.
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Shah Jehan
the 5th Mogul Emperor of Delhi, reigned from 1627 to 1658, when he was deposed by his son Aurungzebe. During his reign the Mogul empire attained a great mag great magnificence; he founded Delhi, where he erected the celebrated peacock throne, valued at $32,500,- 000; built the Taj Mahal at Agra, a mausoleum to his favorite wife, and several other buildings which have become architecturally famous. He died in Agra, in 1666.
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Shah Nameh
shah na-me', in Persian literature , a celebrated epic poem by Abul Kasim Mansur, the greatest of Persian poets. Shah Nemeh means Book of Kings, and the epic is a history of the kings of Persia down to 636 A. D. The poem was written during the reign of Shah Mahmud (940-1020). It consists of 60,000 couplets. The poet, called Ferdusi or Paradise by his countrymen, on account of the beauty of his verse, spent thirty years on the poem, having been promised a piece of gold for every couplet; but when the work was done, the monarch received it coldly, and sent the author 60,000 small pieces of money, instead of the gold. Ferdusi immediately wrote a stinging satire, which he sent to the king, betaking himself, meanwhile, to Bagdad, where his other poems soon won him fame. He added to his great poem a thousand couplets,--these in praise of the Caliph of Bagdad, and received from him the 60,000 gold pieces. The language of the Shah Nemeh is the purest example extant of the ancient Parsee. See Literature ; Persian; Parsees
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Shahan
THOMAS JOSEPH, an American educator; born in Manchester, N. H., Sept. 11, 1857; was educated at the American College of Rome and at the Roman Seminary; studied history at the University of Berlin in 1889-1891; and was ordained in the Roman Catholic Church in 1882. He became Professor of Church History and Patrology at the Catholic University of America in 1891. From 1905-1915 he was associate editor of the Catholic Encyclopædia. His publications include "The Blessed Virgin in the Catacombs" (1892); "Giovanni Baptista de Rossi" (1900); "The Beginnings of Christianity" (1903); "St. Patrick in History" (1905); etc., and special articles on church history and archæology in periodicals.
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Shahjahanpur
a town in India, in the Northwest Provinces; 95 miles N. W. of Lucknow, in the executive district of the same name. There is a cantonment at the place, an American Methodist mission station with churches and schools; and sugar works in the neighborhood. Pop. about 71,000.
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Shairp
JOHN CAMPBELL, known as PRINCIPAL SHAIRP, a Scotch poet, critic, and essayist; born in Houstoun, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, July 30, 1819. He became principal of the United College, St. Andrews. Among his works are: "Kilmahoe, a Highland Pastoral, and Other Poems" (1864); "Studies in Poetry and Philosophy" (1868); (1868); "Culture "Cu and Religion" (1870); "Poetic Interpretation of Nature" (1877); "Aspects of Poetry" (1881); and, published posthumously, "Sketches in History and Poetry" (1887); "Glen Desseray and Other Poems" (1888). He died in Ormsary, Argyllshire, Sept. 18, 1885.
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Shale
a cod or pod; a shell; a husk; as the shale of a bean. In geology, an indurated clay, which often forms beds in the coal measures. It is chiefly composed of silica and alumina, in variable a considerable amount of carbonate of lime and oxide of iron. It is of a gray or grayish-black color, or brownish-red when containing much iron. Its structure is more or less slaty. It is soft, and easily reduced to powder. It is used for making slate pencils. When free from lime and iron, it is reduced to powder, and used for making fire bricks, for which it affords an excellent material. Shale very often contains a notable quantity of bitumen and is then known as bituminous shale, and from it may be distilled an oil known as shale oil, used for illuminating purposes.
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Shaler
NATHANIEL SOUTH- GATE, an American geologist; born near Newport, Ky., Feb. 22, 1841. He served two years as an artillery officer in the Union army during the Civil War; was instructor in zoölogy and geology at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, in 1868-1872; Professor of Palæontology in 1868-1887; then Professor of Geology; dean of Lawrence Scientific School; and after 1884 geologist in charge of Atlantic Division United States Geological Survey. Among his works are the "Kentucky Geological Reports and Memoirs" (7 vols., 1876-1882); "On the Nature of Intellectual Prop Property and its Importance to the State" (1878); "Aspects of the Earth" (1889); "The Story of our Continent" (1892); "Nature and Man in North America" (1892); "The Interpretation of Nature" (1895); "Sea and Land" (1894); "The United States of America (2 vols., 1893); "The Individual: Study of Life and Death" (1900); "The Citizen," "The Neighbor" (1904); "Man and the Earth" (1905); and reports of United States Geological Survey on Marine Marshes, Fresh-Water Swamps, Soils, Harbors, etc. He died in 1906.
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