Sodawater
. See Waters ; Mineral
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Single-source entries: S (90)
Each of these 12 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
Soest
a town of the province of Westfalen, Prussia; 34 miles S. E. of Munster; was once a Hanse town, and one of the most important places in Germany, with a population of between 30,- 000 and 40,000, but has declined since the Thirty Years' War. Its city law was the model for that of many other cities, such as Hamburg, Lübeck, etc. The remains of its walls with their 36 towers are still to be seen. It has a great number of old churches, of which seven are now in use, the cathedral being Catholic and the remaining six Protestant. Soest is the center of a rich agricultural district, and has chemical works and extensive breweries. Pop. about 20,000.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Sofia
or SOPHIA, capital of the kingdom of Bulgaria; lies in a fertile plain on the upper waters of the Isker, an affluent of the Danube, to the N. of the Vitsch Mountains, 75 miles N. W. of Philippopolis. The seat of a Greek metropolitan and a Roman Catholic bishop, it has many mosques, minarets, Christian churches, synagogues, etc. Sofia is the converging point of several important trade routes (three from the Balkans), and carries on considerable manufactures of cloth, silk wares, leather, and tobacco. In the vicinity are celebrated hot springs, with a temperature of 48° C. Sofia occupies the site of old Sardica, which was built by Justinian. It was taken from the Byzantine emperor Basilius in 809 by the Bulgarians, who called it Triaditza, a name which gave place at the time of the Crusades to that of Stralitz or Sternitz. It fell to the Turks in 1382. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 the abandonment of Sofia became necessary as soon as a considerable Russian force had made its way S. of the Balkans, and the retreat was effected without loss, At the Congress of Berlin (July, 1878), the English plenipotentiaries strove to join the town and district of Sofia to the province of Eastern Rumelia, but they were eventually included in Bulgaria. On Oct. 25, 1878, Sofia became the seat of government of Bulgaria. Pop. about 105,000.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Soft Pig Iron
This iron is usually termed gray pig iron, to distinguish it from the hard irons, which are lighter in color, even to whiteness. A chemical analysis of a really soft pig iron should exhibit about the following percentages of constituent elements: Graphitic carbon.....3.36 per cent. Silicon.....2.78 per cent. Phosphorus.....0.40 per cent. Manganese.....0.40 per cent. Sulphur.....0.01 per cent. Combined carbon.....0.20 per cent. Any addition over the quantities given, except for graphite and silicon, would tend to increase the hardness. See GRAY PIG IRON; SOFTENERS.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Soft Solder
The soft solder most frequently used consists of 2 parts of tin and 1 of lead. The following table gives the composition of various soft solders with their respective melting points:
Only in American Watchmaker and Jeweler
Soft-blast
The blast is termed "soft" when it is feeble and lacks force. A too low pressure of blast burns the fuel without melting at full duty, and below a certain amount of pressure the fuel would burn away, leaving the metal unmelted. See BLOWER; BLAST-PRESSURE; COMBUSTION.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Soft-centre Steel
Bar steel with a hard surface enclosing a tough centre core of mild or soft steel. This steel is used especially for making articles that, besides having a hard-tempered surface, must possess the strength of mild steel. The mild-steel ingot is cast, hammered down, and treated in the cementation-furnace until the surface has been carburized to the depth required, when it is again subjected to the process of rolling or hammering down to the size and shape of bar needed. See CEMENTATION; BLISTER-STEEL. Softeners are a class of pig iron containing such softening qualities as will destroy, or at lest neutralize, opposite qualities existing in other irons; or they may wholly consist of another metal to alloy with iron, as aluminum or aluminum ferro-silicons, etc. The softening elements in pig iron are graphitic carbon and silicon, while combined carbon, phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur may be classed as hardeners. It is an established fact that all pig irons low in the latter elements, and which are at the same time high as to the former, are recognized as softeners, because of the remarkable quality of silicon to change chemically combined carbon to graphitic carbon; in other words, changing hard iron to soft, and enabling the founder to use up large quantities of inferior irons, at reduced cost, by the simple admixture of another iron that costs no more than any other ordinary brand; and all this without any deteriorating effect on the resultant castings. See SCOTCH PIG IRON; SILICON; ANALYSIS.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Sognefjord
an extensive fjord on the W. coast of Norway, exhibiting magnificent rock and glacier scenery.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Sokoto
or SACKATOO, a large town in Central Africa, on the Sokoto or Rima river, which falls into the Niger. It is surrounded by lofty walls, is fairly well built, and has regular streets, a royal residence, several mosques, manufactures of cotton cloth, and carries on an extensive trade. Pop. at one time given at 80,000. The same name belongs to an extensive Fellata Kingdom, of which the town was formerly the capital, though Wurno has now that rank; area, over 100,000 square miles.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Sol
in Roman mythology, the sungod, identified with the Greek Helios. See Helios
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Solar Apex
or sun's goal, a point in the Constellation Lyra, not far from the bright star Alpha Lyræ, toward which the sun and the whole solar system have been found to be moving at the rate of about twelve miles per second. The opposite point in the heavens is known as the sun's quit.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Solar Cycle
in chronology, a term applied to one of those artificial periods made use of in chronological researches. It comprehends a period of 28 years, compounded of 7 and 4, the number of days in a week, and the number of years in the interval of two leap years. This cycle remained undisturbed till the end of the 19th century; but in consequence of the year 1900 not being reckoned as a leap year, the whole cycle was then overthrown. It may, however, be reconstructed after 2000, that year being reckoned as leap year; it will then last till 2100.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia