Solar Day
The period during which the sun is above the horizon or shines continuously on any given portion of the earth's surface. Also called astronomical day, since the length of this day is continually varying, owing to the eccentricity of the earth's orbit and the obliquity of the ecliptic, a mean solar day is employed which is the average period of one revolution of the earth on its axis, relative to the sun considered as fixed. In astronomy and navigation the day is reckoned from noon to noon, but the civil day is reckoned from midnight to midnight. The mean solar day is uniformly equal to twenty-four hours.
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Solar Parallax
the angle subtended by the radius of the earth at a distance equal to that of the earth from the sun. More exactly, it is the angle subtended by the equatorial radius of the earth at the mean distance of the sun, though this would be called, when speaking exactly, the mean equatorial horizontal parallax of the sun. It is, as nearly as we know it today, almost 8.8", with an uncertainty of probably not more than 0.01" or 0.02" different from this in either direction. This corresponds to a distance of the sun a little less than
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Solar Time
Sun time. Time marked by the diurnal revolution of the earth with regard to the sun. A mean solar day is the average length of all the solar days in the year. The difference between true and mean time is called the equation of time. There are only four days in the year when the apparent and mean time are the same, and the equation of time nothing. These are December 24th, April 15th, June 15th, and August 31st. Between December 24th and April 15th, and between June 15th and August 31st, the apparent is always before the mean time, whilst in the remaining interval it is later.
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Solberg
THORVALD, an American public official, born at Manitowoc, Wis., in 1852. He served on the staff of the Library of Congress from 1876 to 1889 and became register of copyrights in 1897. He took an active part in the effort to secure international copyright and attended the various international copyright congresses, being the official delegate of the United States to the congresses at Paris, Berlin, and Luxembourg. Besides having contributed to many American and foreign journals, he wrote: "Annual Reports Copyright Business" (1897-98, 1916-19); "Copyright Enactments, 1883- 1906" (1906); " Copyright in England" (1902); "Copyright in Canada and Newfoundland" d" (1903); "Report on Copyright Legislation " (1904); "Foreign Copyright Laws " (1904); "Copyright in Congress-Bibliography and Chronological Record" (1905 ); "Memorandum Draft of a Bill to Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright " (1905-6); "International Copyright Union-Report on the Berlin Conference of 1908"; "Report on Copyright Relations with South American Republics" ( 1915).
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Soldering
The act of joining two metallic surfaces by means of a more fusible metal, or metallic cement. Solders are commonly divided into two groups, known as hard solders and soft solders; the former fuse only at a red heat, while the latter fuse at low degrees of heat. In hard soldering, it is frequently necessary to bind the parts to be soldered together with what is known as binding wire, which is made of soft iron, or the repair clamps shown in Fig. 238, or soldering forceps shown in Fig. 257. The blow pipe is used most extensively for soldering, although small soldering irons are used on the larger kinds of work. It is of the utmost importance that the meeting edges of all articles to be soldered be scraped, or chemically cleaned. While soldering, articles are usually placed upon a piece of charcoal, though asbestos, or pumice stone is better for the purpose. Charcoal emits gases from the coal while under the blowpipe, which enter into the alloy of gold or silver and render it brittle. To prove this, reduce a small piece of 1ok gold to a liquid form on a piece of charcoal, and treat a piece similarly on a piece of asbestos or pumice stone, and after allowing each to cool, subject both to a heavy pressure, and note the difference in their malleability and ductility.
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Soldering Fluxes
Important: Safety Warning
This page describes trade processes that use dangerously toxic materials such as cyanide solutions, mercury amalgams, or strong acids. These processes require training, equipment, and precautions far beyond what the text describes.
This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon.
For hard solder use borax rubbed to a paste with water on a slate. For soft soldering dissolve a small piece of zinc in pure hydrochloric acid until effervescence ceases. Take out the undissolved zinc after 24 hours, filter the solution, add 1/3 its volume of spirits of salammoniac and dilute with rain water. This fluid is non-corrosive. Soft Solder for Smooth Surfaces. Where two smooth surfaces are to be soldered one upon the other, you may make an excellent job by moistening them with the fluid, and then, having placed a sheet of tin foil between them, hold them pressed firmly together over your lamp until the foil melts. If the surface is fitted nicely, a joint may be made in this way so close as to be almost imperceptible. The bright looking lead, which comes as a lining for tea boxes, is better than tin foil,
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Soldering Forceps
By the use of this ingenious device, any article to be repaired can be adjusted in any desired position in a much shorter time, and with more accuracy, than by the ordinary process of binding with wire to a piece of charcoal. The Crane Patent Soldering Forceps are so constructed that any two pieces can be as readily brought together as can be done with the fingers, no matter at what angle or position you may desire them. Each part works independent of the other, and the whole is held securely in place by means of a nut, as shown in Fig. 289, at F, and both hands being free, charcoal can be held behind the article, thereby concentrating the heat, the same as when held directly upon it. In soft soldering it can be used to great advantage. The forceps E E, revolve in parts d d, which are fastened to arms C C, by means of a hinge joint. The arms C C run through the collars b b, so that they can be lengthened or shortened, and the forceps raised or lowered as desired. The collars b b turn independently of each other on base A, and being split, the whole is held firmly in position by nut F. See also Tweezers.
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