Tunbridge
or TONBRIDGE, a market-town of Kent, England; 2912 miles S. E. of London; on the Medway, Lo which here divides into six streams, one of them called the Tun. A castle, originally Norman, but largely rebuilt in 1280-1300, and held successively by Fitz- Gilberts, De Clares, Audleys, and Staffords, retains a fine Early Decorated gatehouse. The manufacture of toys, boxes, and other articles in "Tunbridge ware" (a kind of wood mosaic in veneer) is a specialty. Pop. about 15,000.
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Tundra
. See Alaska ; Siberia
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Tungstite
a mineral occurring mostly as an earthy incrustation, but has been found in distinct cubic crystals at St. Leonard, near Limoges, France. Color, bright yellow or yellow-green. Composition: Oxygen, 20.7; tungsten, 79.3=100, with the formula WO3. Called also tungstic acid and tungstic ocher.
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Tunic
in classical antiquities, a very ancient form of garment in constant use among the Greeks and ultimately adopted by the Romans. The Roman tunic was a sort of shirt worn under the toga, and buckled round the waist by a girdle. It reached an inch or two below the knees, and the sleeves were so short that they merely covered ing down to the ankles (tunicæ talares), and with sleeves extending to the wrists and terminating in fringes (tunicatæ manicatæ et fimbriatæ) were not un- Known toward the close of the republic, they were always regarded as indications of effeminate foppery.
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Tuning
the correct adjustment of the sounds of a musical instrument. Such instruments as the flute and horn are tuned without any difficulty, as, if the pitch is altered by accident, it affects every note, and may easily be rectified by varying the length of the pipe. The notes of the organ and pianoforte, however, are unconnected and independent, and require careful adjustment from time to time. Stringed instruments, such as the violin and harp, require tuning on every occasion on which they are used.
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Tunstall
CUTHBERT, an English clergyman; born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; brother of the Sir Brian Tunstall who fell at Flodden; was educated at Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua, and became in turn Rector of Stanhope, Archdeacon of Chester, Rector of Harrow-on-the-Hill, Master of the Rolls, Dean of Salisbury (1521), Bishop of London (1522), and of Durham (1530). In 1516 he went on an embassy to Charles V. at Brussels, and there formed a fast friendship with Erasmus. Between 1516 and 1530 he was often employed on embassies to France and Germany, and in 1527 he had accompanied Wolsey on his magnificent embassy to France. He accepted the Royal Supremacy, but took alarm at the sweeping measures of reform under Edward VI., and was at length in 1552 deprived, verbial , Hatchards, a through the influence of Northumberland, him who coveted the wealth of the see. The accession of Mary restored the bishop, but under his mild rule not a single victim died for heresy throughout the diocese. On Elizabeth's accession he refused to take the oath of supremacy and was deprived of his charge, Sept. 29, 1559. He died in Lambeth Palace, Nov. 1889. 18, 1559.
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Tupelo
a genus of Cormaceæ consisting of trees inhabiting the swamps and river banks of North America. The long. common tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) attains 30-50 feet, and its wood is much used for naves of wheels, etc. N. multiflora, the forest tupelo or black gum tree, has a growth like the beech. Its wood serves for wheels, pumps, bowls, mortars, wooden shoes, and various turners' work. The acidulous fruits are made into a pleasant preserve. N. uniflora, the swamp tupelo, grows to 80 feet, and the wood is used for corks and floats.
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Tupper
SIR CHARLES, a Canadian statesman; born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, July 2, 1821; studied medicine in Edinburgh University and practiced his profession in his native town. He was president of the Canadian Medical As pre sociation, 1867-1870. In 1855 he was made a member of the provincial legislature and was prime minister of Nova Scotia in 1864-1867. He warmly advocated the formation of the Dominion of Canada, which took place in 1867, and became a member of Sir John A. Macdonald's cabinet in 1870; became minister of public works in 1878; and in 1879-1884 vas minister of railways and canals. While filling the latter office he pronoted the construction of the great Canadian Pacific railway. In 1884 he was appointed High Commissioner for Canada in London. He was one of the negotiators of the fisheries treaty with the United States in 1887-1888, and was as created a baronet in the latter year for his services in that matter. In 1895 he represented Canada at the International London. He died Railway Conference in in 1915.
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Tupper (II)
MARTIN FARQUHAR, an English poet; born in London, England, July 17, 1810; was educated at the Charterhouse and under private tutors, and at 19 went to Christ Church, Oxford. A stammer hindered him from taking orders, so, after graduating in 1831, he entered Lincoln's Inn, and in 1835 was called to the bar. But a single will and marriage settlement was his first and last exploit in the way of law. Of his various works, 40 in number, one "Pro- Philosophy " ( 1838-1867), brought and his publisher profit of "something like $50,000 apiece." A friend "whose ambition it was to be Tupper's Boswell" predeceased him; but from his own huge "archives" he compiled "My Life as an Author" (1886) — a curious self-study of a poet. He died in Albury, his Surrey home, Nov. 29,
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Tur
an American naval officer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 10, 1818; was appointed to the navy in 1834; took part in the Seminole War in Florida; served on board the "Saratoga" in the war with Mexico; was in the "Powhatan" on her diplomatic cruise to China and Japan in 1857-1860; and commanded the "Rhode Island" in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He was promoted captain in 1866; commodore in 1871; served on the examining board in 1871-1872, and as lighthouse inspector and on headquarters duty in 1873-1875; became rear-admiral in 1875; commanded the North Atlantic squadron in 1876-1878, and was retired in 1880. He died in New York City, Nov. 15, 1883. TRENCHARD, SIR HUGH MON-
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