Thompson-Seton
ERNEST, an American author and artist; born in South Shields, England, Aug. 14, 1860; lived in the backwoods of Canada in 1866- 1870, and on the Western plains in 1882- 1887; was educated at the Toronto Collegiate Institute and Royal Academy, London: became official naturalist to the government of Manitoba; studied art in Paris in 1890-1896; was one of the chief illustrators of the "Century Dictionary" and author and illustrator of "Wild Animals I have Known," "The Biography of a Grizzly," "The Trail of the Sandhill Stag," "Wild Animal Play for Children," "Lives of the Hunted," etc., and became a popular lecturer on wild animal life. In December, 1901, his name was legally changed from Seton-Thompson to Thompson-Seton.
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Thoms
WILLIAM JOHN, an English author; born in Westminster, England, Nov. 16, 1803. He began life as a clerk in the Chelsea Hospital; later was clerk to the House of Lords, and its deputy-librarian in 1863-1882; was secretary of the Camden Society from 1838 till 1873; founder of "Notes and Queries" (1849), and its editor down to 1872. He gave the name ("Atheneum," August, 1846) to the new subject of study, "folklore." His books include: "A Collection of Early Prose Romances" (3 vols., 1828; enlarged ed. 1858); "Lays and Legends of Various Nations" (4 vols., 1834); Anecdotes " and Traditions Illustrative of Early English History and Literature" (Camden Soc., 1838); "Hannah Lightfoot, Queen Charlotte, and Chevalier D'Eon" (1867); "Human Longevity" (1873); besides a translation of Worsaae's "Primeval Antiquities of Denmark" (1849); and an edition of Stow's Survey " of London" (1875). He died in London, Aug. 15, 1885.
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Thomsen
VILHELM LUDVIG PE- DER, a Danish philologist; born in Copenhagen , Denmark, Jan. 25, 1842. His principal works are: "The Magyar Language" ( 1866); "Influence of the Germanic Languages on the Finno-Lappish" (1870); "Relations between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia" (1879); "Relations between the Finnish and the Baltic Languages" (1890). THOMSENOLITE (after Dr. Julius Thomsen, of Copenhagen), a mineral resulting from the alteration of cryolite. Crystallization monoclinic, occurring in prisms with horizontal striæ, and also massive resembling chalcedony; ha ony; hardness, 2.5-4; sp. gr. 2.74-2.76; luster, vitreous, on some faces pearly; pearly; color, white; transparent to translucent . Composition: Fluorine 52.2; aluminum, 15.0; calcium, 15.4; sodium, 7.6; water, 9.8=100, which is equivalent to the hitherto accepted formula, 2(CaNa) F+A12F3+2HO; but Brandl has shown that the formula should be written [NaCa] F+Al₂F+ H2O. X
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Thonisen
JEAN JOSEPH (ton'issen), a Belgian jurist; born in Hasselt, Belgium, Jan. 21, 1817. He was Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Louvain. Among his writings are: "Socialism and Its Promises" (1850); "Socialism in the Past" (1851); "Belgium in the Reign of Leopold I." (4 vols. 1855); "The Pretended Necessity of the Death Penalty" (1864); "The Penal Laws of the Athenian Republic" (1876). He died in Louvain, Belgium, Aug. 17, 1891.
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Thorax
the breast, and specially the bones inclosing it. It is somewhat conical, with convex walls. Its upper opening is contracted, and bounded by the first dorsal vertebra, the first pair of ribs, and the manubrium of the sternum. Its inferior margin slopes downward on each side to the 12th rib; its longitudinal axis is directed upward and somewhat backward; its transverse diameter at the widest part greatly exceeds the distance from the breast to the back. It consists of the dorsal vertebræ, the sternum, the ribs, and the costal cartilages, and contains the lungs, the heart, etc. The muscles of the thorax are: The intercostals, levatores costarum, the sub-costals, triangularis sterni, with which may be included the diaphragm. In comparative anatomy, the part of the trunk above or anterior to the diaphragm. In entomology, the central diversion of the body of insects. It is formed of three consolidated somites or segments; the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. Also, a breastplate, cuirass, or corselet.
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Thorbecke
HEINRICH (tōrbek'e), a German Orientalist; born in Meiningen, Germany, March 14, 1837. He was appointed professor in the University of Halle, 1887. His studies were directed mainly to the poetry of the Bedawin and the history of Arabic. He was author of: "Life of Antarah, the Pre-Islamite Poet" (1868); "Al Asha's Song of Praise to Mohammed" (1875); "M. Sabbâg's Grammar of Conversational Arabic in Syria and Egypt" Egypt" (1886). He died in Mannheim, Germany, Jan. 3, 1890.
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Thorburn
GRANT, pseudonym LAWRIE TODD, an American author; born in Dalkeith, Scotland, Feb. 18, 1773; emigrated to America in 1794. As the hero of Galt's novel, "Lawrie Todd," he was a well-known figure in New York, where he followed the business of seedsman. He was noted for his charity. His publications in book form include: "Forty Years' Residence in America" (1834); "Men and Manners in Great Britain" (1834); "Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New York" (1845); "Hints to Merchants," etc. (1847); "Notes on Virginia" (1848); "Life and Writings of Grant Thorburn" (1852-1853). He died in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 21, 1863.
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Thoreau
HENRY DAVID (thō'rō), an American author; born in Concord, Mass., July 12, 1817, and educated at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1837. From that time till 1840 he was a schoolmaster. He engaged also in land surveying, carpentering and other handicrafts, but devoting a great part of his time to study and the contemplation of nature. In 1845 he built for himself a hut in a wood near Walden pond, Concord, Mass., and there for two years lived. After quitting his solitude, Thoreau pursued his father's calling of pencil maker at Concord. Besides contributing to the "Dial" and other periodicals, he published "A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers" (1849), and "Walden, or Life in the Woods" (1854). After his death appeared "Excursions in Field and Forest," "The HENRY DAVID THOREAU Maine Woods," "Cape Cod," and "A Yankee in Canada." Thoreau was a friend of Emerson. He died in Concord, May 6, 1862.
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Thorn
a strongly fortified town in the province of West Prussia, on the right bank of the Vistula (here spanned by a viaduct 1,100 yards long), 31 miles E. S. E. of Bromberg. Founded by the Teutonic order in 1231, and a member of the Hanseatic League, Thorn contains a town hall and a number of other buildings remarkable for their beautiful gables and interiors; became a Polish town in 1454; and was annexed to Prussia in 1793, and again finally in 1815. It became an important fortified stronghold in the 17th century: was five times besieged between 1629 and 1813; and since 1878 has been made a fortress of the first rank by Prussia, the old fortifications being removed, and a series of detached forts built. Copernicus was a native; and a colossal bronze statue of him was erected in 1853. An active trade in corn and timber is carried on. Pop. about 46,000.
a sharp conical projection constituting the growing point of a branch which has proved abortive. That this is its origin is shown by the fact that sometimes trees, which are thorny in their wild state, have their spines converted into branches when long cultivated in a garden, as is the case with the apple and the pear. A thorn differs from a prickle, which is so superficial that it comes away when the bark is peeled off, while in similar circumstances a thorn, being deep seated, remains. Sometimes thorns bear leaves, as in the whitethorn.
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