Theiner
AUGUSTIN, a German canonist; born in Breslau, Silesia, April 11, 1804; was appointed prefect of the Vatican archives, 1855; but was deprived of that office during the Vatican Council on the charge of giving to certain oppositionist bishops secret documents of the curia. His first notable work was a tractate in opposition to the rule of clerical celibacy, "The Introduction of Obligatory Celibacy" (2 vols. 1828). His other principal works are: "History of the Return of the Reigning Houses of Brunswick and Saxony to the Bosom of the Catholic Church" (1843); an edition of Balonius's "Church Annals," with a continuation (1856-1857); "Diplomatic Code of the Temporal Dominion of the Holy See" (1863); "Temporal Sovereignty of the bifurcate head; limbs ambulatory, femur Holy See Judged by the General Councils of Lyons and Constance" (1867). He crown more or less compressed, pointed, died in Civita Vecchia, Italy, Aug. 10, 1874.
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Theipval
a village and district near the River Somme, France, which was the scene of much fighting in the recent World War. It began to figure conspicuously in the news during the battle of the Somme in the summer of 1916, when on July 19 a British attack on emont was bloodily repulsed by the Germans though an advance was made near Theipval. On August 18, 1916, the along a front of British again attacked attacked 11 miles between Theipval and Guillemont and captured important positions on Theipval ridge, the Germans unsuccessfully counter-attacking on the following day. It continued the scene of fighting during the autumn, and on Sept. 26, 1916, was captured by the British.
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Theiss
a river of Hungary, formed in the E. of the kingdom by the junction of the Black and the White Theiss, both descending from the Carpathians and flowing into the Danube about 20 miles above Belgrade; length, about 800 miles. It is the second river in Hungary, being inferior only to the Danube, with which, for about 100 miles, the lower part of its course is almost parallel. Its principal tributary is the Maros from the E.
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Thenard
LOUIS JACQUES, a French chemist; born in La Louptière (Aube) May 4, 1777; studied chemistry in Paris under Vauquelin; was appointed (1810) professor at the Collége de France, and later at the Polytechnic School and in the philosophical faculty of the university; in 1825 was created baron, and in 1832 peer of France. In 1837 he resigned his professorship at the Polytechnic School, and in 1840 that at the university. In 1842, however, he became grand officer of the legion of honor, and in 1850 member of the Council of Public Instruction. His chief work is "Treatise on Elementary Chemistry" (5 vols. Paris 1813-1817; 6th ed. 1833-1836). Along with Gay-Lussac he published in 1816 "Physico-Chemical Researches," and THÉNARD for several years was coeditor of the "Annals of Chemistry" and "Annals of Physics and Chemistry." He died in Paris June 21, 1857. writer; born in Sittingbourne, England, and spirit. about 1690; was brought up to the profession of the law, but early turned his attention to literature. Pope was meanly jealous of him, and ridiculed him in his "Dunciad." Theobald, however, had his revenge, his edition of Shakespeare (1733) completely supplanting Pope's. He did great service to literature by this painstaking work, many of his emendations having been adopted by subsequent editors. He died in September, 1744.
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Theobald
LEWIS, an English throughout by genuine dramatic force THEOCRITUS It may be mentioned that the pieces, the genuineness of which is disputed, are the 12th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 26th, 27th, 29th, 30th. For full information on the integrity of the poems, the reader is referred to the works of Eichstädt (1794); E. Rheinhold (1819), and A. Wissova (1828), with the prefaces of Wharton, Meineke and Wüstemann, in their editions of Theocritus. The editio princeps of the idylls without place or date is supposed to have been printed at Venice in 1481. The next is the Aldine (1495). More recent editions are those of Wharton (1770); Brunck (1772); Gaisford (1816, 1820-1823); Meineke (1825); Wüstermann (1830); Wordsworth (1844), and Paley (1863). One of the best versions in verse is C. S. Calverly's (1869), Andrew Lang's prose version (1889) may be commended.
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Theocracy
that government of which the chief is, or is believed to be, God himself, the priests being the promulgators and expounders of the divine commands. The most notable theocratic government of all times is that established by Moses among the Israelites.
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Theodicy
a philosophy, a vindication of the Deity in respect of the organization of the world and the freedom of the human will. The term is specially applied to a defense of theism against atheism, which Leibnitz undertook by publishing in 1710, his "Essay on Theodicy," respecting the goodness of God, the liberty of man, and the origin of the Bible.
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Theodore of Mopsuestia
an exegete of the early Church; born in Antioch about the middle of the 4th century. He was the friend of Chrysostom and the pupil of Libanius, but it was Diodorus of Tarsus from whom he imbibed his zeal for Biblical studies. About the year 383 he became a presbyter in Antioch, and about 392 he was chosen Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia. Theodore wrote commentaries on almost all the books of Scripture, of which only remain, in the Greek, that on the Minor Prophets; in Latin translations, those on the lesser epistles of Paul, besides many fragments, especially on the epistle to the Romans. When the Nestorian controversy broke out his polemical writings were attacked, and after a century of fanatical agitation were formally condemned by Justinian in the "Tria Capitula" (544). The fifth ecumenical council -that of Constantinople in 553-confirmed the emperor's condemnation, and Theodore's name vanished from the list of orthodox writers. He died at peace with all men in 428 or 429 .
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Theodoret
a Church historian; a monastery; and in 423 became Bishop of Cyrus, a city of Syria. Here he labored with the utmost zeal , and he himself claims to have converted over 1,000 Marcionites. As a foremost representative of the school of Antioch he became deeply involved in the great Nestorian and Eutychian controversies, and was finally deposed by the celebrated Robber Council of Ephesus in 449. This was reversed by the general council of Chalcedon in 451, but Theodoret did not long survive his restoration , dying about 457. His works were edited by Schulze and Nösselt (1769-1774 ), and consist of com mentaries on Canticles, the Prophets, Psalms, and the whole of St. Paul's Epistles; a "History of the Church," by T. Gaisford, 1854); "Religious Hisfrom A. D. 325 to 429, in five books, (ed . Fa tory," ry," being the lives of the so-called Fathers of the Desert; the " Eranistes," Concise History of Heresies," together a dialogue against Eutychianism; "A with orations and letters. born in Pannonia in 455; son of Theo-
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