Each of these 12 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
the corporation of a town; the district or territory of a town. Also, a territorial district, subordinate to a county, into which many of the States are divided, and comprising an area of 5, 6, 7, or perhaps 10 miles square, the inhabitants of which are invested with certain powers for regulating their own affairs, such as repairing roads, providing for the poor, etc.
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CLARENCE PAGE, an American army officer, born in De Kalb, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 1855. After graduating from the State Normal School at Potsdam, N. Y., he entered the United States Military Academy, then studied at the artillery school at Fort Monroe, Va. In 1916 he reached the rank of brigadier-general, and that of major-general in 1917. During 1912- 1916 he was superintendent of the United States Military Academy.
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that branch of medicine which treats of poisons and their antidotes, or of the morbid and deleterious effects of excessive and inordinate doses and quantities of medicine. TOYNBEE
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a settlement organized in Commercial street, Whitechapel, London, as a memorial to Arnold Toynbee, (q. v.), in January, 1885, under the direction of the Rev. S. A. Barnett. It partakes somewhat of the nature of both a college and a club, the idea being to connect the memorial of Toynbee with the study of "political economy in its social aspects, to which he devoted the scholar half of himself, and with his work among the artisan population of our great cities, to which he gave the other, the missionary half." This is carried out by the members of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge who find residence there. The idea of college settlements suggested by this work was enthusiastically carried out in the United States.
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in architecture, the species of pattern work formed or traced in the head of a Gothic window by the mullions being continued, but diverging into arches, curves, and flowing lines enriched with foliations. The styles varied in different ages and countries, and are known as geometrical, flowing, flamboyant, etc. Also the subdivisions of groined vaults, or any ornamental design of the same character for doors, paneling, ceilings, etc.
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in Church history the name given to the Catholic revival in the Church of England which commenced at Oxford in 1833, whence it is sometimes called the Oxford Movement. The leaders of the movement were two celebrated Fellows of Oriel-John Keble and John Henry (afterward Cardinal) Newman, with whom were joined Richard Hurrell Froude, Arthur Philip Perceval, Frederick William Faber, William Palmer of Magdalen, and William Palmer of Worcester, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and Isaac Williams; and one celebrated Cambridgeman, Hugh James Rose. On July 14, 1833, Keble preached an Assize Sermon, entitled the "National Apostasy," at Oxford, which so moved Newman that he arranged a meeting of the clergy named above at Rose's rectory at Hadleigh. Faber, Pusey, and Williams were not present; but Newman broached the idea of "Tracts for the Times," which was adopted, and urged that they should be supported and supplemented by higher pulpit teaching. In 1843 Newman resigned the incumbency of St. Mary's, Oxford, and the chaplaincy of Littlemore, and in September, 1845, was received into the Roman Church, as were others of the tract writers about the same time. With Newman's secession, Tractarianism came to an end, or, more properly speaking, developed into a Catholic section of the Anglican Establishment. The general teaching of the Tractarians included Apostolic Succession, Baptismal Regeneration eration, Confession, the Real Presence, the Authority of the Church, and the value of Tradition.
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BOARD OF, in the United States a body of men selected from among the business men of a city, and appointed to represent and act for the whole business community in advancing and protecting their interests.
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. See Winds
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the doctrine that the human soul, as well as the body, is produced by natural generation. St. Augustine seems to have inclined to this belief without committing himself to it or, on the other hand, pronouncing in favor of the opinion opinion that the soul was immediately created by God and infused into the embryo when sufficiently organized.
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a mucilaginous substance or gum obtained from certain spiny shrubs of Asia Minor and adjacent regions. These plants belong to the genus astragalus. Unlike other gums, tragacanth exudes not from sap or the bark but bursts forth from the pith, forming threads and flakes which may be gathered from the branchlets. Gum tragacanth is odorless and nearly tasteless. Disintegrated in water, for it will not dissolve, it forms desirable but expensive mucilage. It is used by pharmacists in the manufacture of pills and by manufacturers to size crapes and calicoes. The bookbinder uses the gum in marbling books.
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a species of drama in which the tragic and comic elements are blended. The outcome of tragi-comedy is usually happy. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure is a species of this class of drama. See Drama ; Comedy ; Tragedy Trajan (53-117 A. D.), a noted emperor of Rome. He was born in Seville, Spain. He was the son of a Roman commander. He distinguished himself in various campaigns in Parthia and on the Rhine. He thus attracted the attention of the Emperor Nerva who adopted him and made him his successor. Trajan came to the throne 78 A. D. Under Trajan the Empire of Rome reached its utmost limits. Trajan's Wall, a fortified double rampart, was built from a point on the Danube to the Black Sea , thirty-seven miles away. To commemorate his eastern victories, Trajan erected an ornate column in Rome. It still stands 117 feet high. It is ornamented--wrapped--with a spiral bas-relief representing the emperor's military exploits. Trajan's reign was noted for tranquility, the building of roads, the security of property, and for religious tolerance. Special provision was made for poor children. He died in Cilicia and was succeeded by Hadrian.
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a name of certain beautiful birds of the genus Ceriornis, and of the family Phasianida, closely allied to the common fowl. C. satyra, a common species, is a native of the Himalayas. The protuberances hang from behind the plumage is spotted, and two fleshy eyes. When the bird is excited it can erect these protuberances till they look like a pair of horns. A large wattle hangs at either side of the lower mandible.
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