Ton
A weight, equal to 20 hundredweight (cwt.). The hundredweight in Britain is 112 pounds, making the ton 2240 pounds. The U. S. hundredweight is reckoned at 100 pounds, which gives a ton of 2000 pounds.
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Single-source entries: T (74)
These 11 listings are so strange that each appears in only one of the 7 encyclopedias we compared. They include such classics as Tonawanda, Tonawanda Creek, Tonga.
Tonawanda
a city of New York, the Erie canal, and on the New York in Erie co. It is on the Niagara river, Central and the International railroads. It is an important lumber market and its industries include the manufacture of steel, lumber, paper boards, etc. It has an armory, a high school, a public library, 10,068. and a park. Pop. (1910) 8,210; (1920) Western New York which flows into the
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Tonawanda Creek
a stream in Niag Niagara river 10 miles N. of Buffalo; length 75 miles. wit revolutionist; born in Dublin, Ireland, TONE , THEOBALD WOLFE, an Irish June 20, 1763; was educated at Trinity College; studied law in London, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple (1789). He was an ardent sympathizer tion, and, having promoted the combinawith the doctrines of the French Revolution of the Irish Catholics and Dissent- Irishmen in 1791. The discovery of his ers , founded the Society of United secret negotiations with France drove him to the United States (1795). He sailed for France in 1796 , and became Brigadier-General in Hoche's projected expedition to Ireland . He served in the Bavarian army in 1797, and in 1798 was captured on board a French squadron bound for Ireland. He was taken to court-ma Dublin , and sentenced to death by a prison, Nov. 19, 1798. courtmartial, but committed suicide in Japan; navigable for nearly 100 miles
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Tone-Gawa
the longest river in for flatbottomed junks, but the coast is closed by an impassable bar. It empties treacherous at its mouth , which is often into the Pacific E. of Toyko; length, about 240 miles . a group in the S. Pacific Ocean, forming
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Tonga
or FRIENDLY ISLANDS
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Tonga
or FRIENDLY ISLANDS, an archipelago of very considerable exislands, the greater part of which are tent, and consisting of more than 150 spots. Most of them are of coral formaeither mere rocks or shoals, or desert tion; but some of them are volcanic in their origin , and in Tofoa there is an active volcano . The principal member of the group is Tongatabu or Sacred covered by Tasman in 1643, but were Tonga. The Tonga Islands were disnamed by Captain Cook, from the firm alliance that seemed to subsist among the natives, and from their courteous behavior to strangers. Among the products of the islands are yams, plantains, cocoanuts, hogs, fowls, fish, and all sorts of shell fish. The islands were first visited by missionaries in 1797. In 1827 the Cyc. Vol. IX
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Tonga (II)
or FRIENDLY ISLANDS 430 Wesleyan Methodists succeeded in the work of evangelization, and their labors were finally crowned with such success that most of the inhabitants are now Christians. Nearly all the islands are under the rule of one Christian chief; but by an agreement made between England, Germany, and the United States in 1899 the islands are under the protectorate of Great Britain. Total area 385 square miles. Pop. (1917) 23,766, Europeans 347.
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Tongs
A metal instrument consisting of two legs joined together at one end by a pin, on which they work loose, and by means of which an object may be grasped. Used in the smithy, forge, steel and brass foundries, etc. See LIFTING-TONGS.
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Tonic
in medicine, any remedy which mproves the tone or vigor vigor of of the fibers of the stomach and b bowels, or of the muscular fibers generally. Tonics may be said to be of two kinds, medical and non-medical. Medical tonics act chiefly in two ways: (1) Indirectly, by first influencing the stomach and increasing character of service. It has for many its digestive powers; such being the effect of the vegetable bitters, the most im- years been the official tonnage for the portant of which are calumba, chamomile, warships of France and other European cinchona bark, gentian, taraxacum, etc. (2) Directly, by passing into and exerting their influence through the blood; such being the case with the various preparations of iron, certain mineral acids, and salts. The non-medical tonics are open-air exercise, friction, cold in its various forms and applications, as the shower bath, sea bathing, etc.
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Tonking
or TONQUIN, since 1884 a French possession, is the N. E. portion of the Indo-Chinese peninsula, bordering on China. Area, 119,660 square miles; pop. 6,200,000. Europeans, 6,000. Capital Hanoi, also of all French and Indo- China. The name has been used for various areas in this region. The main feature of the country is the Sang-koi or Red river (variously spelt Sang-koi, Sang-coi, etc), coming from Yunnan, and traversing the whole of Tonking lengthwise, with a large delta. The chief produce is rice, silk, sugar, pepper, oil, cotton, tobacco, and fruits, with some copper and iron; and companies are now working coal and antimony mines at one or two places on the coast, especially near the chief port of Haiphong. Products valued at $10,000,000 annually. The French scheme of tapping the resources of Yunnan by means of the Song-koi has proved impracticable, the navigation of the upper course being very difficult.
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Tonnage (POUNDAGE certain duties)
AND POUNDAGE, certain duties on wine and other merchandise, which began to be levied in England in the reign of Edward II. They were at first granted to the crown by the vote of Parliament for a limited number of years, and renewed on their expiry. The object of these imposts was said to be that the king might have ready money in case of a sudden emergency demanding it for the defense of the realm and the Charles II. and guarding of the sea. James II. obtained grants of tonnage and poundage for life, but William III. only for limited periods; and by three statutes of Anne and George I. these imposts were made perpetual, and mortgaged for the public debt. The Customs Consolidation Act of 1787 swept away tonnage and poundage and similar charges, and substituted a new and single duty on each article.
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