Tub
The rectangular wooden trough over which some brass-moulders ram their flasks is by them called a tub. If iron slides are fastened on the inside, lengthwise, a few inches from the top, a frame can rest thereon to hold the flasks. By this means the rammed flask may be slided across or along the tub into any convenient position without bearing up its weight--a great convenience when the work is prolonged. Tube-vents are vent-connections made with tubes in such a manner as to make it impossible for any metal to insinuate itself therein. If the gas from one core must be made to pass off by the way of another through a connecting core, the operation is made absolutely safe by placing a tube midway at the junction; or if a vent must be led from a core remote from the outside, as in a set of steam-way cores, tubes inserted in the vents, long enough to reach the distance, make it a safe operation. See VENTING.
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Tuba
in music, a brass wind instrument, the lowest as to pitch in the orchestra; it has five cylinders, and its compass is four octaves. Also, a high pressure reed stop of eight foot pitch on an organ; called also tuba mirabilis, tuba major, tromba, or ophicleide.
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Tuber
in botany, an underground fleshy stem or appendage to the root, being usually an oblong or roundish body, of annual duration, composed chiefly of cellular tissue with a great quantity of amylaceous matter, intended for the development of the stems or branches which are to spring from it, and of which the rudiments, in the form of buds, are irregularly distributed over its surface. Examples are seen in the potato, the Jerusalem artichoke, and arrowroot. Tubers are distinguished, according to their forms, into didymous (in pairs), palmate (hand-like), fasciculate, globular, oblong, etc.
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Tubercle
a small tuber; a warty usually taking the shape of minute round excrescence; in pathology, a growth masses, and testines, larynx, etc., of persons of scrofudeveloping in the lungs, inlous constitution. It is described by pathologists as being of two kinds, the gray or miliary, and the yellow or crude; but the latter is, strictly speaking, a secondary form of the former. Gray, or miliary tubercle, is "a grayish-white, translucent, non-vascular body, of firm consistence and well-defined spherical outline, outline , usually about the size of a millet seed. Though in its earlier stage it is uniformly translucent, its central portions quickly become opaque and yellowish, owing to the retrograde metamorphosis of its component elements. In structure tubercle, like the other lymphomata, consists of lymphatic cells contained in the meshes of a very delicate reticulum. The cells are mostly round, or roundly oval, colorless, transparent, and slightly granular bodies, much resembling lymph corpuscles; and, like these, varying considerably in size."
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Tuberculin
KOCH'S LYMPH, or PARATOLOID, a glycerin extract of the pure culture of the tubercle bacillus, first prepared by Robert Koch in the year 1890. It was originally hoped that it would prove of value in combating the disease by injecting it into the blood of the sufferer from tuberculosis, but for this purpose it has not met with much success and in some cases appears to have aggravated the disease. It has proved of value, however, in detecting the disease in both human beings and cattle. When injected into the healthy body, no reaction ensues, but when injected into the blood of a person or animal suffering from tuberculosis, feverish conditions are produced. It is commonly used in this way to detect tuberculous cows. In appearance it is a brownish liquid with a neutral reaction, soluble in water. Chemically, it consists of a solution of the ptomaines of the tubercle bacillus, together with coloring and extractive matters and mineral salts. TUBERCULOSIS. See CONSUMPTION.
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Tuberculosis
a more general and, in many respects, a more fitting name for the wasting disease known as consumption. The name is derived from the minute tubercles which are formed by the bacilli in various tissues of the body. The bacillus of tuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacterium. It was discovered and described in 1882 by Dr. Robert Koch (1843-1910), a distinguished German bacteriologist who, a year later, discovered the bacillus, the presence of which is a sure test for Asiatic cholera. See Consumption
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Tuckerman
EDWARD, an Ameri can botanist; born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 7, 1817; was graduated at Union College in 1837 and at the Harvard Law School in 1839; studied for several years in Europe; returning to the United States in 1842 he accompanied Asa Gray to the White Mountains on a botanical expedition; was instructor in history at Amherst College in 1854-1873 and Professor of Botany there in 1858- 1886. He was the foremost authority on lichenology in the United States. His publications include: "Genera Lichenum: An Arrangement of North American Lichens" (1872); "A Catalogue of Plants Growing Without Cultivation Within Thirty Miles of Amherst College" (1882); and "A Synopsis of the North American Lichens" (1882). He died in Amherst, Mass., March 15, 1886.
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Tucking
A process in moulding intended to make all parts of a mould sufficiently hard by a previous ramming or tucking with the fingers in places where under existing circumstances the rammer could not be made to reach, as under flask-bars, among gaggers, etc. The method is in many instances a reprehensible one, as the more effective and safer mode would be to do this tucking with a small hand-rammer, the latter being much easier on the fingers also. See RAMMING; VENTING. Tula-metal.-See NIELLO-ENGRAVING.
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Tucson
a city and county-seat of Pima co., Ariz.; on the Santa Cruz river, and on the Southern Pacific and the El Paso and Southwestern railroads, 250 miles E. of Yuma. Here are the University of Arizona, the Institute of St. Joseph, a high school, several libraries, court house, hospital, convent, Naweekly tional banks, and daily and and weekly newspapers. It is in the heart of a large farming, stock-raising and mining section; has a valuable trade in hides, wool, precious metals. The place was first settled by Jesuit missionaries in 1760. Prior to that year it had been an Indian town. In 1867-1877 it was the capital of the territory of Arizona. The United States Signal Station here is 2,404 feet above sea-level. Pop. (1910) 13,193; (1920) 20,292.
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