Tumah
According to the Kabala, physical or moral uncleanness. The latter is divided into three main divisions idolatry, murder, and immorality. Sin, says the same authority, not only rendered imperfect man himself, but also affected the whole of nature, even to the sphere of angels, and the Divinity himself. In physical uncleanness there is a coarser and a more subtle form. The latter causes a dimness in the soul which is most keenly felt by those who are nearest to sacred things. Organic things which come into contact with the human body are more liable to the Tumah than remoter things. The human corpse is more unclean than that of the lower animals, because its more complex nature involves a more repulsive decay. Thus the corpse of a holy man is most unclean of all.
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Tumble-Bug
a beetle known by the habit of rolling spheres of dung in early summer. These they roll long distances, working two and two together, and finally bury them in quiet corners. The female lays an egg in one side of the ball, which serves for the food and protection of the young maggot. The ends of the feelers or antennae of the tumble bugs are flattened like spades. The wing covers are so short as to expose the tip of the abdomen. The bugs are generally black, but are frequently brilliantly colored. See article on SCARABAEUS, the sacred tumble-bug of Egypt.
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Tumbling-barrel
The common tumbling or cleaning barrel consists of a barrel-shaped, vessel with a side opening for introducing the work, mounted on an axis, and revolved by gears or belt. These, however, are fast becoming scarce, owing to the numerous patented inventions of various descriptions which may be obtained from the dealers at short notice. The Henderson oblique barrel, used for burnishing and plating small brass goods as well as iron; also an exhaust-barrel for castings; the Stover exhaust for castings, nails, forgings, etc.; friction-geared, roller-geared, and encased tumbling-barrels--are only a few of the machines designed to totally eradicate the dust and noise which have hitherto been the inevitable accompaniment of these useful devices. See EXHAUST TUMBLING-BARREL. Tungsten, or Wolframite, forms with steel an alloy of remarkable hardness. It is a rare metal, derived chiefly from wolfram, a tungstate of iron and manganese. See WOLFRAM. Tungsten-bronze is made by adding tungsten to the ordinary bronzes or brass containing copper, tin, zinc, and lead.
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Tumulty
JOSEPH PATRICK, an American public blic official, born in Jersey City, N. J., May 5, 1879; 1879; educated at St. Peter's College, Jersey City, and after studying law was admitted to the New Jersey bar, in 1902. From 1907 to 1910 he was a member of the New Jersey Assembly. In 1910 he was appointed private secretary to Woodrow Wilson, then governor of New Jersey. In 1912 he was appointed secretary of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. After Governor Wilson's election to the Presidency of the United States he was appointed secretary to the President in 1913, serving throughout both terms of President Wilson.
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Tunbridge
or TONBRIDGE, a market-town of Kent, England; 2912 miles S. E. of London; on the Medway, Lo which here divides into six streams, one of them called the Tun. A castle, originally Norman, but largely rebuilt in 1280-1300, and held successively by Fitz- Gilberts, De Clares, Audleys, and Staffords, retains a fine Early Decorated gatehouse. The manufacture of toys, boxes, and other articles in "Tunbridge ware" (a kind of wood mosaic in veneer) is a specialty. Pop. about 15,000.
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Tundra
. See Alaska ; Siberia
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Tungstite
a mineral occurring mostly as an earthy incrustation, but has been found in distinct cubic crystals at St. Leonard, near Limoges, France. Color, bright yellow or yellow-green. Composition: Oxygen, 20.7; tungsten, 79.3=100, with the formula WO3. Called also tungstic acid and tungstic ocher.
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Tunic
in classical antiquities, a very ancient form of garment in constant use among the Greeks and ultimately adopted by the Romans. The Roman tunic was a sort of shirt worn under the toga, and buckled round the waist by a girdle. It reached an inch or two below the knees, and the sleeves were so short that they merely covered ing down to the ankles (tunicæ talares), and with sleeves extending to the wrists and terminating in fringes (tunicatæ manicatæ et fimbriatæ) were not un- Known toward the close of the republic, they were always regarded as indications of effeminate foppery.
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Tuning
the correct adjustment of the sounds of a musical instrument. Such instruments as the flute and horn are tuned without any difficulty, as, if the pitch is altered by accident, it affects every note, and may easily be rectified by varying the length of the pipe. The notes of the organ and pianoforte, however, are unconnected and independent, and require careful adjustment from time to time. Stringed instruments, such as the violin and harp, require tuning on every occasion on which they are used.
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Tunstall
CUTHBERT, an English clergyman; born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; brother of the Sir Brian Tunstall who fell at Flodden; was educated at Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua, and became in turn Rector of Stanhope, Archdeacon of Chester, Rector of Harrow-on-the-Hill, Master of the Rolls, Dean of Salisbury (1521), Bishop of London (1522), and of Durham (1530). In 1516 he went on an embassy to Charles V. at Brussels, and there formed a fast friendship with Erasmus. Between 1516 and 1530 he was often employed on embassies to France and Germany, and in 1527 he had accompanied Wolsey on his magnificent embassy to France. He accepted the Royal Supremacy, but took alarm at the sweeping measures of reform under Edward VI., and was at length in 1552 deprived, verbial , Hatchards, a through the influence of Northumberland, him who coveted the wealth of the see. The accession of Mary restored the bishop, but under his mild rule not a single victim died for heresy throughout the diocese. On Elizabeth's accession he refused to take the oath of supremacy and was deprived of his charge, Sept. 29, 1559. He died in Lambeth Palace, Nov. 1889. 18, 1559.
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