Tourmaline
mineral, the transparent colored varieties WE , a widely-distributed being used as gem-stones. Its crystallization, is rhombohedral , hemimorphic; prisms often triangular. Hardness, 7- 7.5; sp. gr. 2.94-3.3; luster, vitreous; color, shades of black the most frequent, but also blue, green , red, often of rich shades, sometimes red internally and shades of green externally. Composition: Very variable, the oxygen ratio for the protoxide and sesquioxide, and also for the boric acid, varying considerably. Dana distinguishes the following varieties: (1) Rubellite; shades of red, frequently transparent. (2) Indicolite; of an indigoblue color. (3) Brazilian sapphire of jewelers; Berlin blue. (4) Brazilian emerald (Chrysolite or Peridot); green and transparent. (5) Peridot of Ceylon; honey-yellow . (6) Achroite; colorless. (7) Aphrizite; black. (8) Columnar and black , without cleavage or trace of fibrous texture . A series of analyses and sp. gr. determinations, made by Rammelsberg, has suggested sted the following subdivisions: (1) Magnesia tourmaline, mean sp. gr. 3-3.07; (2) Ironmagnesia tourmaline, mean sp. gr. 3.11; (3) Iron-tourmaline, sp. gr. 3.13-3.25; (4) Iron-manganese-lithia tourmaline, mean sp. gr. 3.083; (5 ) Lithia tourmaline, mean sp. gr. 3.041. The blowpipe reactions vary with the composition, which is essentially a boro-silicate of protoxide and sesqui-oxide. Occurs in granites, notably the albitic varieties, schists, and dolomite. an
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Tournay
a town in the Belgian province of Hainault; on the Scheldt; W. of Brussels. Its splendid Romannear the French frontier; 35 miles W. S. towers and pictures by Jordaens, Rubens, esque cathedral, 400 feet long, has five and Gallait; and there are also the churches of St. Quentin and St. Brice belfry (1190), and a bronze statue (with the grave of King Childeric), the against Parma. Though one of the oldin 1581 valiantly defended Tournay Princess d'Epinoy, who est towns in Belgium, it has quite a modbeautiful broad streets. The chief manern appearance, with fine suburbs and carpets, and porcelain; but there are few ufactures are hosiery, linen, Brussels large workshops, most of the fabrics being executed by the people in their own houses. Tournay, the ancient Torna- 5th and the beginning of the 6th cencum, or Turris Nerviorum, was in the tury the seat of the Merovingian kings, 1526 was included in the Spanish Nethersubsequently belonged to France, but in lands. During May , 1794, it was the between the French and Austro-English scene of several hotly contested fights armies, the most important of which was that of May 19, in which Pichegru beat the Duke of York. The town was devastated during the German invasion of 1914. Pop. about 37,000.
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Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de
toor-neh-for', Joseph Pitton de (1656-1708), a French botanist. Like other early botanists he was fond of roaming and collecting, and was educated for medicine. By 1681 he had attracted notice by his botanical knowledge and was employed by the famous Jardin des Plantes (plant garden) of Paris to collect new plants. He traveled in Asia Minor , Circassia, Greece, Georgia, and Northern Assyria. Tournefort, who had examined also the Alps and the Pyrenees mountains, was much impressed with the arctic nature of the plants on upper Mount Ararat. He made clear that altitude and latitude have the same effect on vegetation. He enunciated the doctrine that countries having the same climate will have the same plants, and that a peculiarity of climate or soil is accompanied by plants not found elsewhere. His writings, all in Latin, describe ten thousand plants. See De Candolle ; Jussieu
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Tourniquet
an instrument for compressing the main artery of the thigh or arm, either for the purpose of preloss of blood in amventing too great a putation, or to check dangerous hemorrhage from accidental wounds or to stop the circulation through an aneurism, For the last purpose special forms of tourniquet are required, which do not compress the whole limb. The common tourniquet consists of three parts-viz. (1) a pad to compress (2) a strong band which the artery; is buckled round the limb; and (3) a bridge-like contrivance over which the band passes, with a screw whose action raises the bridge and consequently tightens the band. The credit of the invention of this most useful instrument is usually ascribed to the French surgeon Morel, who, in 1674, used a stick passed beneath bandage, and turned round so as to twist it up to the requisite degree of tightness, as a means of preventing the undue loss of arterial blood in amputations of the limbs. A much improved screw tourniquet was invented by Petit in 1718, the same in principle as that described above. Many surgeons now use in preference a strong elastic band, wound two or three times round the limb-a method first introduced by Esmarch.
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Tower
CHARLEMAGNE, an American diplomatist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1848; was graduated at Harvard University in 1872, and admitted to the bar in 1878. He acquired large business interests and became an officer and director in several corporations; and was identified with the Academy of Natural Sciences and other similar organizations. In 1897 he was appointed United States minister to Austria-Hungary, and in January, 1899, was made ambassador to Russia. Ambassador to Germany, 1902-1908. He_is the author of "The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution" (2 vols. 1895).
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Tower (II)
RALPH WINFRED, an American curator, born in Amherst, Mass., in 1870. He studied at Colby and Brown, and later at Leipzig. He then became demonstrator of anatomy in the medical department of Harvard University, then instructor in chemical physiology (1895-1898); assistant professor (1898-1901); and assistant professor at University (1901-03). For nine Brown years he was curator of physiology, then, in 1912 he became curator of physiology and anatomy in the Museum of Natural History in New York. He is the author in of a "Laboratory Course Chemical Physiology" (1897), and has written many papers and pamphlets.
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Tower Hill
a hill in London, near the famous Tower of London, and the
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Towle
GEORGE MAKEPEACE, an American author; born in Washington, D. C., Aug. 27, 1841; was graduated at Yale University in 1861, and at Harvard was United Law School in 1863. He States consul at Nantes, France, in 1866- 1868; and at Bradford, England, in 1868- 1870. His works include: "Glimpses of History" (1865); "Henry the Fifth" (1866); "American Society" (1870); "The Eastern Question" (1877); "Servia and Rumania" (1877); 'Beaconsfield" (1878); "Young Folks' Heroes of History" (1878-1880); "Modern France" (1879); "Men of Mark" (1880); "England and Russia in Asia" (1885); "England in Egypt" (1885); "Literature He died of the English Language.' " in Brookline, Mass., Aug. 10, 1893.
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