Towne
CHARLES HANSON, an American editor and author, born in Louisville, Ky., in 1877. He studied one year at the New York City College, but soon after devoted himself to his literary work. Among his works are: "Youth and Other Poems"; "Jolly Jaunts with Jim"; and "Shaking Hands with England." In 1919 he wrote the English lyrics lyrics for Offenbach's opera "La Belle Helene." He is the editor of "For France" (1917); "The Balfour Visit" (1917); and has composed a number of songs, one of which is "The Magic Casement." For a while he was editor of "The Smart Set" Magazine, but in 1920 became editor of McClure's Magazine.
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Townsend
CHARLES ELROY, a United States senator, born in Concord, Jackson co., Mich., in 1856. Graduating from the University of Michigan, in 1878, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1895. For a while he was Register of Deeds of Jackson co. In 1888 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, and in he was elected to Congress from 1903 the Second Michigan District, then reelected for a second term. In 1910 he was nominated at the primaries, then, a year later, elected by the legislature to the United States Senate for the term 1911-1917 and again for 1917-1923.
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Township
the corporation of a town; the district or territory of a town. Also, a territorial district, subordinate to a county, into which many of the States are divided, and comprising an area of 5, 6, 7, or perhaps 10 miles square, the inhabitants of which are invested with certain powers for regulating their own affairs, such as repairing roads, providing for the poor, etc.
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Townsley
CLARENCE PAGE, an American army officer, born in De Kalb, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 1855. After graduating from the State Normal School at Potsdam, N. Y., he entered the United States Military Academy, then studied at the artillery school at Fort Monroe, Va. In 1916 he reached the rank of brigadier-general, and that of major-general in 1917. During 1912- 1916 he was superintendent of the United States Military Academy.
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Toxicology
that branch of medicine which treats of poisons and their antidotes, or of the morbid and deleterious effects of excessive and inordinate doses and quantities of medicine. TOYNBEE
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Toynbee (ARNOLD an English re- English)
ARNOLD, an English re- English former; born in London, England, Aug. 23, 1852. His early acquirements were mostly in the direction of modern literature and philosophy. He spent two years at a military college, but left on finding that he had mistaken his profession. During the four years he spent at Oxford he became a prominent figure. Endowed with the gift of fluent speech, he began to address audiences of working men; and to help them, took up residence in Commercial Road, Whitechapel, in 1875, and associated himself with the religious work carried on there by the Rev. S. A. Barnett. From the inspiration of his example and teaching during this period sprang the idea of Toynbee Hall. He died in 1883, owing to overstrain following on two lectures directed against Henry George's "Progress and Poverty." A course of lectures delivered at Oxford between 1881-1882 on the economic history of England, along with other popular addresses, was published in 1884 under the title of "The Industrial Revolution," with Memoir by Jowett.
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Toynbee (PAGET an English educator)
PAGET, an English educator and writer; born in 1855, at Wembledon, near London. He was educated at Haileybury College, Hertfordshire, and Balliol College, Oxford, and worked as private tutor from 1878 to 1892. He has made himself particularly noted by his studies of Dante. His works include: "Specimens of Old French"; "Historical French Grammar"; " Ricerche e Note Dantesche"; "Critical Text of the Divine Commedia"; "Life of Dante"; "Dante Studies and Researches"; "Dante in English Literature, from Chaucer to Cary"; "A Concise Dictionary of People, Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante"; "The Correspondence of Gray, Walpole, West , and Ashton."
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Toynbee Hall
a settlement organized in Commercial street, Whitechapel, London, as a memorial to Arnold Toynbee, (q. v.), in January, 1885, under the direction of the Rev. S. A. Barnett. It partakes somewhat of the nature of both a college and a club, the idea being to connect the memorial of Toynbee with the study of "political economy in its social aspects, to which he devoted the scholar half of himself, and with his work among the artisan population of our great cities, to which he gave the other, the missionary half." This is carried out by the members of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge who find residence there. The idea of college settlements suggested by this work was enthusiastically carried out in the United States.
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Tracery
in architecture, the species of pattern work formed or traced in the head of a Gothic window by the mullions being continued, but diverging into arches, curves, and flowing lines enriched with foliations. The styles varied in different ages and countries, and are known as geometrical, flowing, flamboyant, etc. Also the subdivisions of groined vaults, or any ornamental design of the same character for doors, paneling, ceilings, etc.
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Trachea
or WINDPIPE may be produced by pressure on the nervous trunk, or the inferior laryngeal fibers. Constriction may also depend on undue muscular contraction, the seat thereof being immediately above the bifurcation of the trachea. Foreign bodies occasionally pass through the larnyx into the trachea, and the accident is a formidable one, which not infrequently proves fatal.
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Tractarianism
in Church history the name given to the Catholic revival in the Church of England which commenced at Oxford in 1833, whence it is sometimes called the Oxford Movement. The leaders of the movement were two celebrated Fellows of Oriel-John Keble and John Henry (afterward Cardinal) Newman, with whom were joined Richard Hurrell Froude, Arthur Philip Perceval, Frederick William Faber, William Palmer of Magdalen, and William Palmer of Worcester, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and Isaac Williams; and one celebrated Cambridgeman, Hugh James Rose. On July 14, 1833, Keble preached an Assize Sermon, entitled the "National Apostasy," at Oxford, which so moved Newman that he arranged a meeting of the clergy named above at Rose's rectory at Hadleigh. Faber, Pusey, and Williams were not present; but Newman broached the idea of "Tracts for the Times," which was adopted, and urged that they should be supported and supplemented by higher pulpit teaching. In 1843 Newman resigned the incumbency of St. Mary's, Oxford, and the chaplaincy of Littlemore, and in September, 1845, was received into the Roman Church, as were others of the tract writers about the same time. With Newman's secession, Tractarianism came to an end, or, more properly speaking, developed into a Catholic section of the Anglican Establishment. The general teaching of the Tractarians included Apostolic Succession, Baptismal Regeneration eration, Confession, the Real Presence, the Authority of the Church, and the value of Tradition.
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