Twilight Sleep
derived from the German word "dämmerschlaf," an anæsthetic employed in relieving the pain of childbirth, consisting of the hypodermic use of a combination of scopolamine and morphine in solution. It was first used by Drs. Krönig and Gauss in their private hospital in Freiburg, Baden, Germany, but attracted little attention until described in an American magazine article in 1914, after which it was tentatively used in a number of American hospitals, causing much discussion in the daily press for several months. It is now very seldom employed in this country, and was almost entirely ignored by the medical profession in European opean countries. Its superiority over chloroform was never obvious. Aside from that, the use of anesthetics in child birth is generally deprecated by modern practitioners, the mother's consciousness being required to enable her to assist in the delivery of the child through her own physical efforts.
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Twill
a term applied to any variety of textile woven in such a manner as to produce diagonal lines or ribs on the surface of the web. In plain weaving the weft threads pass under and over the warp threads in regular succession. In twill weaving a weft thread passes over one, under two, over one, under two, and so on. The second weft takes a set of warps oblique to those taken by the first weft, but passes over one, under two, exactly like the first. This process continued throughout the web makes the warp threads conspicuous in diagonal lines. The above method produces what is called two-leaf twill. If the wefts pass over one and under three warps, it results in three-leaf twill. In damask weaving eight-leaf twill is commonly employed. In satin weaving as high as twenty-four-leaf twill is employed, which gives a smooth, glossy surface. See Damask ; Weaving ; Satin
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Twin Flower
. See Linnaeus
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Twin-Spotted Quaker
a European night moth, the Tæniocampa munda. The wings are gray, with two closely approximate and very conspicuous dark spots on the disk of the fore wings. The caterpillar feeds on the oak.
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Twiss
SIR TRAVERS, an English jurist; born in London, England, March 19, 1 1809; was educated at University College, Oxford. Successively fellow and tutor of his college, a public examiner at Oxford, Professor of Political Economy at Oxford (1842-1847), and of International Law in King's College, London (1852-1855), he became in 1855 Professor of Civil Law at Oxford. In 1858 he became Chancellor of the Diocese of London, in 1862 advocate-general of the Admiralty, Queen's advocate-general in 1867, being knighted that same year. He served also on various royal commissions. He resigned all his offices in 1872, but in 1884 drew up for the Belgian King Leopold II. a constitution for the Kongo Free State, and in 1885 acted as legal adviser to the West African Conference at Berlin. Among his most important writings are "View of the Progress of Political Economy Since the 16th Century" (1847); "Lectures on International Law" (1856); "The Law of Nations" (1861); "Law of Nations in Times of War" (1863); "Monumenta Juridica: The Black Book of the Admiralty" (4 vols. 1871-1876), an edition for the Rolls series of the "England's Laws and Customs" of Henry de Bracton (6 vols. 1878- 1883), and "Belligerent Right on the High Seas" (1884). He died in London, Jan. 15, 1897.
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Twist Drill and Steel Wire Gauge
This gauge, which is shown in Fig. 149 will be found very useful in determining the diameter of twist drills and steel wire, and is very accurately and nicely made.
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Two Pin Escapement
A variety of the lever escapement having one small gold pin in the lever and two in the table, and the unlocking and impulse actions are divided between them.
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Tyler, Moses Coit
Moses Coit (1835-1900), an American historian and writer. He was born at Griswold, Connecticut. He was educated at Yale and Andover. He held various pastorates in the Congregational and later in the Episcopal church . He was professor of English literature in the University of Michigan, 1867-81, and professor of American history in Cornell from 1881 to the time of his death. He wrote several textbooks. He is known best by his History of American Literature , a work of conceded charm and thorough scholarship. Tyler, Wat. See Wat The Tyler
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Tymp
An opening in the masonry of a blast-furnace hearth, across the top of which is laid either a block of refractory stone, or a hollow iron block, through which a current of water is kept constantly flowing to prevent it from melting. The dam-plate stands a little below and supports the dam-stone, which forms the front of the fore-hearth. The slag flows over the tymp, while the reduced iron collects in the hearth below. See CAST IRON.
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Tympanum
in anatomy, the drum, middle ear, or middle chamber of the ear; a narrow, irregular cavity in the substance of the temporal bone, placed between the inner end of the external auditory canal and the labyrinth. Its roof is formed by a thin plate of bone, situated on the upper surface of the petrous bone, its floor is a narrow space, its outer wall is formed mainly by a thin semi-transparent membrane-the membrana tympani-which closes the inner end of the external auditory meatus; its inner wall is uneven, its anterior extremity is narrowed by the gradual descent of the roof, and is continued into the Eustachian orifice, and its posterior one has at its upper part a large, and several small openings leading into the mastoid cells. The tympanum receives the atmospheric air from the pharynx through the Eustachian tube, and contains a chain of small bones by means of which the vibrations communicated from without to the membrana tympani are in part conveyed across the cavity to the sentient part of the internal ear. In machinery, a kind of hollow treadwheel wherein two or more persons walk, in order to turn it, and thus gave motion to a machine. In music, a hand-drum or tambourine, but covered with parchment back and front. It was used in conjunction with various kinds of harps, lyres, and pipes, cymbals of metal, the straight brass trumpet and curved brass horn, the castanets of wood and metal.
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