Tyndale, William
tin'dal, William (1484-1536), an English reformer. He was educated for the priesthood at Oxford and Cambridge, and was for a time chaplain to a nobleman in his native Gloucestershire. He went to London and thence to the continent to secure freedom to bring out an English translation of the New Testament. He came into sympathy with the German reformation and visited Luther at Wittenberg. He began to print at Cologne but was driven out. He then took refuge at Worms and translated the New Testament and the books of Moses from the Greek into English. The details of his life are known imperfectly, but he is known to have lived at Antwerp. Finally he was arrested at Brussels, tried for heresy, strangled, and burned at the stake. A fragment of the Cologne edition of Tyndale's Testament is preserved in the British Museum . The Baptist college at Bristol, England, preserves an entire copy of the Worms edition. Copies of later editions issued at Antwerp are literary treasures. Tyndale's translation was used as far as it went in the preparation of the King James Bible, the authorized or common version. Tyndale's object in life is expressed by his reply to an abusive clergyman: "If God spare my life, ere many years, I will cause a boy that driveth the plowshare to know more of the Scriptures than thou dost." See Bible ; Wyclif
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Tyndall
JOHN, an English physicist; born in Leighlin Bridge, near Carlow, Ireland, Aug. 21, 1820. He studied in Germany; in 1850 published in the of the Royal Society in 1852; Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution in 1853, and in 1867 its superintendent. He was the first to climb the Weisshorn, and subsequently reached the summit of the Matterhorn; and published: "Philosophical Transactions in Glaciers of the Alps" (1860); "Mountaineering in 1861" (1862); and "Hours of Exercise in the Alps" (1871). "Heat Considered as a Mode of Motion" appeared in 1863; "Dust and Disease," 1870. In 1872 he lectured in the United States; the profits he devoted as a fund "in aid of students who devote themselves to original research." Besides the works mentioned, he published: "Sound: A Course of Eight Lecture Lectures" (2d (2d ed. 1875); "Faraday Discoverer" as a (1868); "Nine Lectures on Light" (1870); "Essays on the Use and Limit of the Imagination in Science" (1871); "The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice, and Glaciers" (1872); "Essays on the Floating Matter of the Air" (1881); ; and "New Fragments" (1892); besides many others. He received honorary degrees from the Universities of Cambridge and Edinburgh, and was made D. C. L. by Oxford. He died in Haslemere, Surrey, England, Dec. 4, 1893.
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Tyndall, John
tin'dal, John (1820-1893), a British student of physics. He was born in Ireland. He was educated for engineering, but forsook the business for an instructorship in a college at Hants. He studied at various German universities. He became a member of the Royal Society in 1852. With Huxley he investigated the phenomena of glaciers in Switzerland. He did much to make the movements of glaciers understood. He was a popular writer and lecturer on light, heat, sound, forms of water, and electricity. In 1872-3 he visited the United States to deliver a course of lectures on light. His writings fill a score of volumes. See Huxley ; Faraday
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Tyne
a river of England, formed by the junction near Hexham of the North Tyne, which rises in the Cheviots, on the borders of Roxburgh, and the South Tyne, which rises at Tynehead Fell, in the extreme E. of Cumberland. The united stream divides the counties of Durham and Northumberland, passes the ports of Newcastle, Jarrow, North and South Shields, and enters the sea at Tynemouth after a course from Hexham of nearly 30 miles. The Tyne has, since 1854, been the subject of large engineering operations, consisting of extensive dredging, the construction of piers at its mouth, the formation of large docks, and the building of a swing bridge at Newcastle. Thus from the sea to Scotswood suspension bridge, a distance of about 10 miles, the river is navigable for large vessels, and the trade on the river, chiefly in coal, has immensely increased.
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Tynemouth
the chief wateringplace of Northumberland, England; 9 miles E. of Newcastle, occupies the angle formed by the line of the coast and the Tyne. Edwin, King of Northumbria, is said to have founded here, about 627, a church of wood, wherein his daughter Rosella took the veil. King Oswald rebuilt it of stone about 640, and probably established the monastery, which in the succeeding centuries suffered much from the hands of the Danes. It was refounded in 1090 by Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland. The monastic buildings were dismantled at the dissolution in 1539. The remains of the priory are chiefly those of the church, which was built about 1100 and enlarged about 1220. The chancel, whose E. and S. walls are still standing, is one of the most exquisitely light and graceful specimens of Early English architecture in the country. The Lady Chapel, a chantry of the Percies, was founded toward the close of the 14th century. Tynemouth castle was built about 1296. All that remains of it now is the great gateway of 14th-century date. Tynemouth is a clean, healthy town, with several good streets and terraces. A wide road extends to Cullercoats called the Grand Parade. The g. sands are nearly a mile long, and the Permian cliffs are very picturesque. Pop.j about 60,000.
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Tyng
STEPHEN HIGGINSON, an American clergyman, long rector of St. George's Church, New York City; born in Newburyport, Mass., March 1, 1800; and was graduated at Harvard University in 1817. For several years he edited the "Episcopal Recorder," the "Protestant Churchman," etc., and he published in book form many volumes; among them: "Lectures on the Law and Gospel" (1832); "Sermons" (1839- 1852); "Recollections of England" (1847); "The Israel of God" (1854); "Christ Is All" (1852); "The Rich Kinsman" (1856); "Forty Years' Experience in Sunday-schools" (1860); "The Prayer Book" (1863-1867). He died in Irvington, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1885.
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