Vizetelly
HENRY RICHARD, an English publisher; born in London, July 30, 1820. He was the first publisher to introduce to English readers "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the works of Poe, Tolstoi, and Zola, being prosecuted and imprisoned for bringing out the novels of French realist. In 1843 he founded the "Pictorial Times," one of the pioneer journals of the British pictorial press. He acted as Paris correspondent of the "Illustrated London News" (1866-1876), and represented d the government at foreign expositions. His earliest work, "The Story of the Diamond Necklace" (1867), a sketch of the Countess de la Motte, was followed by a translation of Topin's "Ma "Man With the Iron Mask" (18 ; "Berlin Under the New Em- (1879); pire" (1879); "Paris in Peril" (1882), a vivid account of the siege of 1870-1871; "A History of ," a Champagne monograph on wines; "Glances Back Through Seventy Years" (1893). He died in Tilford ford , near Farnham, England, in 1894.
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Vizeu
a town of Portugal, in a district of the same name, province of Beira; 50 miles N. N. E. of Coimbra. It is old, irregularly built on a hill, and contains a cathedral with fine paintings, also a college, hospital and theater. There are two large squares, in one of which a great market is held in September. Among many Roman and Moorish remains is a Roman camp, the Cava de Viriatho, where Junius Brutus was defeated by Viriathus. Pop. 7,000.
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Vizianagram
a town in the district of Vizagapatam, Madras presidency, British India; 35 miles N. of Vizagapatam, and 12 miles from the sea-coast. In the fort is the palace of the Rajah of Vizianagram, a Rajput family which figures largely in the early history of the British in Madras. Pop. about 40,000.
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Vladikavkaz
capital of the former Russian province of Terek, in northern Caucasia, at the foot of the main Caucasus chain, and at the opening of the valley of the Terek. It is the terminus in this direction of the Russian railway system, and is on the only carriage road through the Dariel Pass to Tiflis and the S. of the mountains. There is a fortress here. and considerable trade. The inhabitants are Cossacks, Armenians, and a motley representation of various Asiatic races. Pop. about 80,000.
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Vocal Chord
in anatomy, one of the inferior thyro-arytenoid ligaments or elastic membranes, the edges ges of which form the side of the glottis. The vocal chords are attached in front to the thyroid cartilage, and end behind in a process of the arytenoid cartilages. They nearly close the aperture of the windpipe. In addition to them there are upper or false vocal chords, which are not immediately concerned in the production of the voice.
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Vochyacee
or VOCHYSIACEÆ, in botany, vochyads; an order of hypogynous exogens, alliance Sapindales; trees or shrubs with opposite branches, four-angled when young. Leaves normally opposite, the upper ones sometimes alternate, with glands or two stipules at their base; flowers generally in terminal panicles or large gaily-colored racemes; sepals four to five, unequal in size, the upper one the largest and having a spur; petals one, two, three, or five, s five, unequal; stamens one to five generally opposite to the petals, most of them sterile, but one having a fourcelled fertile anther; style one; stigma one; ovary three-celled, each with one, two, or many ovules; capsule threeangled, three-celled, three-valved, or occasionally one-celled, one-seeded; seed usually winged. Natives of tropical America.
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Vodka
an intoxicating spirit distilled from rye, and formerly much used in Russia.
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Voghera
a town of Italy; province of Pavia; on the Staffora; 81 miles E. of Turin. It was fortified by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti, and an old castle still exists built by him toward the end of the 14th century. The church of St. Lorenzo, founded in the 11th century, and remodeled in 1600, is the only building of importance, but the town is handsome and well laid out. There are considerable manufactures, chiefly of cloth and hats. Pop. about 15,000.
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Vogler
GEORG JOSEPH, a German musical composer, usually styled the Abbé (Browning's Abt) Vogler; born in Würzburg, Germany, June 15, 1749, the son of a violin maker. He studied Bamberg, Mannheim, Bologna, and Pawas ordained priest at Rome in 1773; and made Knight of the Golden Spur, and prothontary and chamberlain to the Pope. Returning to Mannheim, he established there his first school of music; his second was that at Stockholm, where in 1786 he had been appointed kapellmeister . After years of wandering and brilliant successes as a player on his "orchestrion" at London and half over Europe, he settled as honored kapellmeister at Darmstadt, and opened his third school, the chief pupils of which were Gänsbacher, Weber, and Meyerbeer. He died in Darmstadt, Germany, May 6, 1814.
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Vogue
CHARLES JEAN MEL- CHIOR, MARQUIS DE (vō-gü-ā'), a French archæologist; born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1829. His studies are mainly in the departments of the history of religion and Oriental art. He is author of: "The Churches of the Holy Land" (1859); "The Temple of Jerusalem" (1864); "Civil and Religious Architecture in Central Syria, from the First to the Sixth Century" (2 vols. 1865-1877); in "Semitic Inscriptions" (1869-1877). In 1901 he became a member of the French Academy. He died in 1914.
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Voigt
JOHANNES, a German historian, born in Bettenhausen, in Saxe- Meiningen, Germany, Aug. 27, 1786. He is author of "Hildebrand as Pope Gregory VII. and His Times" (1815), in which he regards the reign of Gregory VII. as one of the most noteworthy phenomena of the Middle Ages, and Gregory himself as a great reformer; "History of the Lombard League and its Struggle with the Emperor Frederick I." (1818); "History of Prussia from the Earliest Times to the Downfall of the Domination of the Teutonic Order" (9 vols. 1827-1839); 7-1839); "The Westphalian Vehmgerichte or (Mediæval Tribunals) as Related to Prussia" (1836); "Margrave Albrecht Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach" (1852); "History of the Teutonic Order in Its Twelve Circles in Germany" (2 vols. 1857-1859). He died in Königsberg, Germany, in 1863. VOLAPÜK
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Voir Dire
in law, a preliminary examination of a witness to ascertain whether he is competent. When a witness is supposed to have an interest in the cause, the party against whom he is called has the choice to prove such interest by calling another witness to that fact, or he may require the witness produced to be sworn on his voir dire, as to whether he has an interest in the case or not, but the party against whom he is called will not be allowed to have recourse to both methods to prove the witness' interest. If the witness answers he has no interest, he is competent, his oath being conclusive; if he swears he has an interest, he will be rejected.
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