Whiteboys
the name of an illegal association formed in Ireland about 1760. The association consisted of starving day laborers, evicted farmers, and others in a like condition, who used to assemble at nights to destroy the property of harsh landlords or their agents, the Protestant clergy, the tithe collectors, or any others that had made themselves obnoxious in the locality. In many cases they did not confine their acts of aggression merely to plunder and destruction, but went the length of murder. WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE
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Whitefield, George
hwit'feld, George (1714-1770), a noted English evangelistic preacher. He was born at Gloucester and educated at Oxford. Here he was a member of a society of young men including the Wesleys. He was ordained a deacon and priest, but instead of settling down to a parish he became an open-air preacher. He traveled extensively in England, Scotland, and Wales, holding what would now be called revival meetings. In 1737 he joined the Wesleys in Savannah. He made successive trips to America, preaching along the coast from Georgia to New England . On one of these occasions he was heard by Benjamin Franklin at Philadelphia. White-field incurred the hostility of Harvard and the New England Puritans. He fell out with the Wesleys also in regard to points of doctrine. He continued active to the very day of his death. He died at Newburyport, Massachusetts, and was buried beneath the pulpit of the Federal Street Church.
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Whitefish
a name given to a dozen or more species of fresh water fish. They are found chiefly in the lakes of the north temperate and Arctic zones. They are related to the salmon and trout. The common whitefish taken in the Great Lakes and vicinity attains a length of two feet. The back is olive tinted, the under parts white. It lives on snails, crayfish, insects, etc. The whitefishes seldom bite at a hook. They are caught by seines set near the shore or by gill nets set in deep water and weighted to the bottom. The taking of whitefish forms an important industry about the Great Lakes. They are packed in ice usually and sent to market fresh. They have been pursued so persistently even on their spawning grounds that the American catch has fallen off from 21,463,000 pounds in 1880 to 5,094,014 in the year of the last census. The Canadian take has suffered similarly. Every effort is being made by the fish commissioners of the general government and the several states to restock the lakes by hatching spawn in artificial fish hatcheries. See Fish ; Trout ; Salmon White House. See Washington ; D. C
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Whitehaven
an important mining center and seaport of Cumberland, England; on a level inlet between precipitous cliffs; 38 miles S. W. of Carlisle, and 10 miles from Workington. The town contains numerous churches belonging to the various Protestant denominations, several schools, a mechanics institute, a library, public baths, etc. There are manufactures of coarse cloth, earthenware, soap, etc., but the prosperity of the town is chiefly due to the immense seams of coal and of hæmatite iron ore in its vicinity, some of which are wrought a distance of two miles under There are also large rope the sea. works and shipbuilding yards. Pop. about 20,000.
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Whitehead
WILLIAM, an English poet; born in Cambridge, England, in 1715. He was educated at Winchester and Cambridge, was secretary and register of the Order of the Bath, and became poet-laureate in 1757, succeeding Colley Cibber. He wrote: "The Roman Father," a tragedy; "The School for Lovers," a comedy; and other dramas and poems. He died April 14, 1785.
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Whiting (City of Indiana in Lake co It)
a city of Indiana, in Lake co. It is on the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern, the Indiana Harbor Belt, the New York Central, the Pere Marquette, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Pennsylvania railroads. Its industries include the manufacture of oilcloth, chemicals, asphalt pavement, etc. It has a public library and a park. It is an important station of the Standard Oil Company. Pop. (1910) 6,587; (1920) 10,145. American
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Whiting (LILIAN an Ar author born)
LILIAN, an Ar author; born in Niagara Falls, N. Y., Oct. 3, 1859. She was literary editor of the Boston "Traveler" in 1880-1890, and editor of the Boston "Budget" in 1890- 1894. She then traveled in Europe. Her publications include: "The World Beautiful" (3 vols.); "From Dreamland Sent" (poems); "After Her Death"; "The Story of a Summer"; "A Study of the Life and Poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning"; "Kate Field: a Record"; "The Spiritual Significance"; etc.
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Whiting Cupola
A patented cupola manufactured by the Detroit Foundry Equipment Company, Detroit, Mich. Among many special excellences claimed for this cupola are the following: (the special features over other cupolas are largely in the arrangement and construction of the patent tuyeres): "There are two rows of tuyeres. The lower ones are arranged to form what is practically an annular air inlet, thus distributing the blast almost continuously around the entire inner circumference of the cupola. These tuyeres are constructed in such a way that the blast is admitted through the small end, which is expanded into a large horizontal opening. This allows the blast to reach the iron through an opening nearly double the area of that through which it enters, thereby admitting the same volume of blast, but softening its force. The result is a better, softer, and more fluid iron, even in quality and easy to work. A sharp, uneven blast destroys the best qualities of iron. The cupola has an upper row of smaller tuyeres of similar construction, and of sufficient size to furnish air to utilize the escaping carbon gas. As we employ a slag-hole, the melting in our cupola may be continued indefinitely."
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Whitlock
BRAND, an American writer and diplomat; born in Urbana, O., in 1869. After a common school education he entered the field of journalism in Toledo, O., but, in 1890, went to Chicago to join the staff of the Chi- Three years later he cago "Herald." became a clerk in the office of the secretary of state of Illinois. During this period he studied law and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1894 and, in 1897, to the bar of Ohio. He began to practice law in Toledo, where he was elected mayor in 1905, being re-elected to the same office for three other terms. Under his administration a new charter was granted the city and such innovations as the initiative, the referendum, the recall of public officials, and direct nominations were instituted. Meanwhile he was also becoming known as a regular contributor to major American magazines, both as a writer of verse and of prose articles. In 1913 he was appointed Minister to Belgium, where he distinguished himself for his expert d handling of the situation during the World War. War having been declared against Germany by the United States Mr. Whitlock was rein April, 1917, 17, called, but after the signing of the armistice and the restoration of the Belgian Government, he returned to Brussels as Ambassador. Among his many works "Her Infinite Variety" (1904); are: "The Gold Brick" (1910); ; "Belgium, a Personal Narrative" (1919).
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