Winchester
the capital city of Hampshire, England. It is situated on a small river eleven miles north of Southampton. The town is interesting chiefly as the capital of the Saxon kingdom from the ninth to the eleventh centuries. The English Parliament used to meet here. Winchester is now a city of 20,000 people. It is noted for its schools, residences, and antiquities. The old castle, the home of Egbert, still stands. The pride of the city is Winchester Cathedral, some parts of which date from the eleventh century. Its length from east to west is 545 feet. The interior contains a number of chapels and altars, and is considered one of the most beautiful specimens of architecture in England. The tombs of William Rufus, William of Wykeham, who planned the work, Izaak Walton, the angler, Cardinal Beaufort, and others are here. Quite recently the old cathedral began to settle into a hitherto unsuspected layer of peat eight feet in thickness. To secure the ancient foundations, the peat was dug out and was replaced by bags of cement that solidified into a solid concrete mass. It is interesting to note that the ancient Winchester bushel is the legal standard in the United States . See Bushel
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Winchester
a town of Massachusetts, in Middlesex co., on the Boston and Maine Railroad and chiefly a residential suburb of Boston. It contains Middlesex Fells, a State park. It has a public library, a hospital, and a home for aged people. Its industries include the manufacture of leather, machinery, soda fountains, felt goods, etc. Pop. (1910) 9,309; (1920) 10,485.
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Winchester (BATTLE OF the of several)
BATTLE OF, the of several engagements in the American Civil War. The most important were: (1) A battle fought at Kernstown, Va., near Winchester, March 23, 1862, between the Federals under General Shields and the Confederates under General Jackson, in which the former were victorious. This battle is sometimes called the battle of Kernstown. (2) A victory gained by the Confederates, under General Early, over the Federals under General Crook, July 24, 1864. (3) A battle fought by the Federals under General Sheridan and the Confederates under General Early, at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864. The latter were defeated with a loss of 5,000
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Winchester (City and county-seat)
a city and county-seat of Frederick co., Va.; on the Cumberland Valley and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads; 88 miles W. by N. of Washington, D. C. It is in a beautiful and fertile country, which is part of the great Shenandoah valley of Virginia. The houses are built in a compact and substantial manner, mostly of bric brick and stone. Here are numerous churches, National and other banks, Fairfax Hall for Girls, the Valley Female College, the Shenandoah Valley Academy, and several weekly newspapers. The city has glove factories, paper mill, flour mills, broom factory, foundries, and cigar factories. The city is the key to the Shenandoah valley. During the Civil War it was many times taken and retaken by the opposing armies, and several battles were fought near it. Pop. (1910) 5,864; (1920) 6,883.
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Winchester (Famous city of Hampshire)
a famous city of Hampshire, England, on the Itchen. The Castle Hill is the site of the old castle, or royal palace, built in the 13th century by Henry III., and of a magnificent hall, of which the only remaining portion is used as the county court. The cathedral is a beautiful and imposing pile. The college of Winchester was founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, in 1387. The industries of Winchester are unimportant. Winchester, the Roman Venta Belgarum, was the site of a British city before the arrival of the Romans in Britain, Caer-Gwend. It afterward became a Roman station, and as such was a place of considerable importance, and contained temples of Apollo and Concord. men. Pop. about 25,000.
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Winchester (Town and countyseat of Clark)
a town and countyseat of Clark co., Ky.; on the Louisville and Nashville, the Chesapeake and Ohio, and other railroads; 18 miles E. of Lexington. It is in the celebrated "Blue Grass" region. Here are the Kentucky Wesleyan College, Winchester Female College, the Cooper Female Institute, street railroad and electric light plants, waterworks, National and State banks, and several newspapers. The principal industries are agriculture and stock raising. Pop. (1910) 7,156; (1920) 8,333.
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Winckelmann
JOHANN JOACHIM, a German archæologist, the founder of scientific archæology and of classic art history; born in Stendal, Germany, Dec. 9, 1717. He was the first to consider the masterpieces of classical antiquity as representative of a stage in the development of taste, and to formulate the theory of evolution in art. He seems to have obtained his first clue from some observation of Velleius Paterculus and Quintilian. His greatest work is a "History of the Art of Antiquity" (1764), later on supplemented by "Observations on the History of Art" (1767). He also published: "Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture" (1755); "Architecture of the Ancients" (1762); "Unknown Memorials (or Monuments) of Antiquity" (1767); and many essays and pamphlets. He died in Trieste, June 8, 1768.
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Wind-box
The encircling belt of a cupola which incloses all the tuyeres. See CUPOLA. Wind-furnaces are air-furnaces which, instead of being urged by a blast-machine, blower, or fan, depend on a natural draft, which is usually induced by connecting the flue with a long chimney, as in brass and reverberatory furnaces. See BRASS-FURNACE; REVERBERATORY FURNACE.
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Windber
a borough of Pennsyl It is on the MERE, the largest lake in England,
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Windom
WILLIAM, an American financier; born in Belmont, O., May 10, 1827; began practicing law in Mount Vernon, O., in 1850. In 1852 he was made prosecuting attorney of Knox county, O. He held this position for three years, when he removed to Minnesota. He was sent to Congress from that State in 1859, and was re-elected to serve four successive terms, a period of 10 years, ending his career in the House in 1869. He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1870 to fill the unexpired term of Daniel S. Norton, deceased. He was also elected for the terms ending in 1878 and 1883. He resigned, however, in 1881 to accept the Treasury portfolio in President Garfield's cabinet, and on his retirement from the cabinet after that President's death he returned to the Senate, where he served the remainder of his term. He became Secretary of the Treasury in President Harrison's cabinet in 1889, and died in New York City, Jan. 29, 1891.
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