Single-source entries: Y (6)

Ysselmonde

or IJSSELMONDE (i'sl-mon-duh), an island of the Netherlands, opposite the mouth of the Yssel.

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Ystad

a seaport of Sweden, on the extreme S. coast, 55 miles E. S. E. of Copenhagen, and 85 N. N. E. of Stralsund. It has two churches, and manufactures of tobacco, chicory, sugar, soap, cloth, and leather. Ystad has a good harbor, is in regular steamboat communication with the chief Baltic ports, and is connected with the Southern Swedish railway by a branch line opened in 1866. There is considerable trade, chiefly in corn.

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Yttrium

in chemistry, dyad a earth-metal, symbol Y, at. wt. 89, existing, together with er erbium, as a silicate in gadolinite. It is obtained in the metallic state by digesting the mineral with hydrochloric acid, precipitating with oxalic acid, dissolving the oxalates formed in nitric acid, and separating by a series of fractional crystallizations; the erbium salt, being the less soluble of the two, crystallizing out first. On converting the nitrate into a chloride, YUAN-SHIH-KAI and igniting with potassium, the metal is obtained as a blackish-gray powder, consisting of small, metallic, lustrous scales. It unites directly, at high temperatures, with chlorine, oxygen, and sulphur, and probably with other metalloids.

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Yuga

or YOOGA, in Hindu chronology, one of the periods into which the past history of the globe may be divided. 4:88 There are four yugas: The Satya Yuga, containing 1,728,000 years; the Treta Yuga, 1,296,000; the Dwapara Yuga, 864,000 years; and the Kali Yuga, now in progress, began about 3094 B. c., and which will extend to 432,000 years. Horace Hayman Wilson points out that these numbers originate in the descending arithmetical progressions of 4, 3, 2, 1, according to the notions of diminish ing virtue in several ages applied to a cycle of 12,000 divine years, each equal to 360 years of mortals; and 12,000 X 360 is 4,320,000, the periods of the four yugas added together.

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Yule

SIR HENRY, a Orientalist; born near Edinburgh, Scotland, in May, 1820. Having entered the Indian army he served in the Sutlej campaign (1845-1846), in the Punjab (1848-1849), in Burma, and in the Indian mutiny, and became secretary to the Public Works Department, in which capacity he took part in several important surveys and missions. In 1875 he was appointed a member of the Home Council of India. Of the many works which he wrote and edited, the most noted is his admirable translation, with notes and maps, aps, of Marco Polo (1871; augmented edition, 1875). He edited several volumes for the Hakluyt Society; and was a gold medalist of the Royal Geographical Society. He died in London, England, Dec. 30, 1889.

the old English name for Christmas, still used provincially, as well as in Yule log, Yule cake, Yule tide. For the nature of the old heathen festival, and the way in which the observances were overlaid or transformed by the Christian institution, see CHRISTMAS. British

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Yung Wing

a Chinese diplomatist. born in Nanping, China, Nov. 17, 1828; came to the United States in 1847; was graduated at Yale College in 1854; and in 1864 was commissioned by the Chinese Government to buy machinery in the United States for the arsenal of Kiang-Nau. In 1870 he proposed to the Chinese Government the settlement of claims for the massacre of Christians at Tientsin by establishing a line of steamers to carry a tribute of rice, the outgrowth of which was the celebrated China Merchant Steam Navigation Company. He was also influential in persuading the Chinese Government to provide for the education of Chinese youth in foreign countries, that intercourse with foreigners might be made easier. In 1875 he married Miss Mary Kellog of Hartford, Conn., an act which met with disfavor, with the Chinese authorities and led to his recall. In 1878, however, he was appointed assistant minister of China to the United States, where he remained till the outbreak of the Chino-Japanese War, when he was ordered to China. At the close of the war he was appointed one of the peace commissioners, but on the refusal of the Japanese to recognize him because of his rank he was replaced by Chang-Ten- Hoon. Subsequently he was raised in rank and in 1897 represented the Chinese Government at Queen Victoria's jubilee. He died in 1912.

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Yusuf

or YUSSUF, ABU AMRU ( yös öf), an Arabic historian; born in Cordova, in 976. He was profoundly he versed in the traditions of the Oriental be indifferent Mussulman countries. He wrote: " Behedjet-Almodjalisyn," a tales about Mahomet, etc.; "Tamhyd," a commentary on one of the chief Mussulman works of religious and civil law; "History of the Opinions and Doctrines 1791. of the Principal Mussulman Sects"; "History of the Wars Against the Christians"; etc. He died in Xativa, in 1070.

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Yuthia

or AYODHYA, the former capital of Siam; 40 miles N. of Bangkok; is almost encircled by the Méinan, whose fisheries furnish the town its principal pal employment. The German Mandelslohe in the 15th, and Portuguese Mendez Pinto in the 16th centuries, describe the marvels of this "Venice of the but 1768 it was razed to the ground by the King of Ava, and of its famous structures there only remains the "Golden Mountain," a neighboring pyramid 400 feet high, with a gilded colossal statue of Buddha. The modern town is the summer residence of many Bangkok merchants, and has an estimated population of 40,000, including many Chinese and Burmese.

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Yverdon

or YVER- DUN, a pleasant Swiss town of 6,300 ins habitants in the Canton de Vaud; at the S. end of the Lake of Neufchâtel; 20 miles N. of Lausanne. The old castle, built in 1135, was used by PESTALOZZI (q. v.) as an educational institute; and is now occupied by municipal schools, a library, and museum. There is a sulphur bath less than a mile out of the town.

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Yvetot

an old town of France; in the department of Seine- Inférieure; 24 miles N. N. W. of Rouen. There are manufactures of linen, cotton, calico, and a trade in cattle and agricultural produce. The court and jail occupy the site of a Bernardine monastery (1650-1781). Pop. 7,007. The town and territory of Yvetot was long a semisovereign principality, and the Lord of Yvetot was popularly styled "King of Yvetot." This singular dignity was formally abrogated in 1681, but the people of Yvetot retained some privileges till the Revolution. Pop. about 8,000. Béwell-known song, "The King of well-k ranger's Yvetot " ( 1812), translated by Thackeray, was a satire on Napoleon.

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