Each of these 10 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
in common language, nothing; in arithmetic it is called naught, and means no number; in algebra, it stands for no quantity, or for a quantity less than any assignable quantity; a cipher; nothing, ing, denoted by 0. In astronomy, the first point of ARIES (q. v.).
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CARL, an American musical conductor; born in Malchow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, July 28, 1826; came to the United States with the Germania Orchestra in 1848; became musical director of the Handel and Hayden Society of Boston in 1854; was conductor of the Harvard symphony concerts in 1866-1882; and for many years directed the famous annual musical festivals at Worcester, Mass. He edited "The Index," "The Apograph," "The Atlas," "Carl Zerrahn's Selections," etc. He died in 1909. ZEUS
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JOHANN KASPAR (tsois), a German historian; born in Vogtendorf, Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806. Among his works are: "The Germans and the Neighbor Stocks" (1837); "The Descent of the Bavarians from the Marcomanni" (1839); "Witzenburg Traditions and Possessions" (1842); "The Free Imperial City of Spires from Its Destruction" (1843); "Celtic Grammar" (2 vols. 1853), his greatest work. He died in Vogtendorf, Nov. 10, 1856.
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JOUKOVSKI, or SHUKOWS, VASILII ANDREEVICH, a famous Russian poet; born near Bielev, province of Penza, in 1783. He succeeded Karamzin as editor of the "Viestnik Evropui," 1808; was preceptor of the Emperor Alexander II. in his youth, as well of Alexander's mother. He wrote: "The Minstrel in the Russian Camp," a collection of spirited war ballads; "Ziudmilla," "Svietlana," his best work; etc.; and a number of prose essays and tales, the best known of which was "Mary's Grove." He made also numerous translations from the German, English, etc.; .; his translation of Gray's 's y" being one "Elegy" of the finest ever made. He died in 1852.
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THEOBALD, a German philosophical writer; born in Göppingen, Württemberg, Feb. 9, 1846. He became Professor of Philosophy in the University of Strassbu urg in 1886. He was author of: "With Regard to Strauss's the Old Faith and the New" (1874); "Text-Book of Logic" (1876); "Republic or Monarchy: Switzerland or Germany" (1877); "History of Ethics" (1881); "The Social Question a Moral Question" (1891); "The German Student at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (6th ed. 1896).
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a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Zeeland, and the chief town of the island of Schouwen, 3 miles from the Ooster Schelde (with which it is connected by two canal harbors), and 21 miles E. N. E. of Flushing. It has six churches, a fine town house, and a gymnasium, manufactures madder, carries on brewing and oyster fishing, and has considerable trade and shipping. It is the oldest town of Zeeland, and was formerly an important Hanse town.
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or GREAT ZIMBABWE (zēm-bäb-wa), a notable ruin in Mashonaland; in lat. 20° 16′ 30″ S., and long. 31° 10′ 10″ E.; 3,300 feet above sealevel. It is the principal of a series of similar remains along the W. side of the Sabi river, and consists of a large elliptical building (280 feet long, with walls 35 feet high and 16 feet thick) on a gentle rise, with building extending into the valley, and an immensely strong labyrinthine fortress on the opposite hill, 400 feet above. The older buildings are beautiful examples of dry There is a considerable number of little masonry. images of the solar disk; while the two conical towers in the sacred inclosure on the lower hill, as well as the chevron ornamentation there, and various objects found in the citadel point to phallic forms of worship. The ruins evidently formed a garrison for the protection of a gold-producing race in remote antiquity, of whose work many traces have been found a smelting furnace made of hard cement, clay crucibles with little specks of gold adhering, on ingot mold of soapstone, burnishers, crushers carved soapstone birds, etc. Theodore Bent, who explored the ruins in 1891, assigned this enterprise to pre-Mohammedan Arabians (with possibly Phœnician influences), as both the objects of art and the special cult indicated are utterly foreign to the African races. K. Mauch would identify the region with the OPHIR (q. v.) of Solomon's time.
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EFREM, Russian a violinist; born in Rostow-on-Don, Russia, in 1889. He received his musical training under his father, and later studied in the Imperial School of Music at Petrograd with Leopold Auer. He made his first appearance in Petrograd at the age of 17. After touring through Germany and England, he came to the United States in 1911, where he appeared in all the leading cities and where he was very successful. In 1914 he married ALMA GLUCK (q. v.). He composed a number of songs and suites for violin and orchestra.
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JOHANN GEORG (tsim'-mer-män), a Swiss physician and miscellaneous writer; born in Brugg, Aargau, Switzerland, Dec. 8, 1728. At the University of Göttingen he studied under and was befriended by Haller, and eventually was appointed_public physician to his native town. He became famous in his profession, and published several works on miscellaneous subjects, with one on "Experiences in Medicine," which procured him the appointment of physician for Hanover to George III. The loss of his wife and other domestic calamities brought on an attack of hypochondria, from which a second marriage relieved him, and as a result of his recovery he produced his once celebrated treatise on "Solitude" (1784), by which out of his own country he is alone remembered. In 1786 he attended Fred erick the Great in his last illness, about whom he published two works, one of them "Conversations with the King," which involved him in painful controversy. Latterly he became deranged, and died in Hanover, Oct. 7, 1795. His "Autobiography" was issued in 1791.
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HELEN (tsim'mern), a German-English story writer; born in Hamburg, March 25, 1846. From childhood she lived in England. She was author of: "Stories in Precious Stones" (1873); "Told by the Way" (1874); Half-Hours with French Novelists" " (1881); "Stories from Foreign Novelists" (2d ed. 1885). She wrote also "Schopenhauer, His Life and Philosophy" (1876); "G. E. Lessing, His Life and Works" (1878); "The Hansa Towns" (1889).
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