South Africa (UNION OF a political division)

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about race that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: ET 2026-07-22) UNION OF, a political division of South Africa, extending from the southernmost point of the African Continent to the course of the Limpopo river, i.e., from 34° 50′-22° S. latitude, and including all the British territories within those limits, with the exxception of Basutoland and the Swaziland and Bechuanaland Protectorates, while provi sion is made for the future inclusion within the Union of those territories and of the territories of the British South Affrica Company. Topography and Rivers. The southernmost province contains many parallel ranges, which rise in steps toward the interior. The southwestern peninsula conountain" (3,582 tains the famous "Table Mountain" (3,582 feet), while the "Great Zwarte Region" and "Lange Bergen" run in parallel lines from W. to E. of the Cape province. Between these two ranges and the "Roggeveld" and "Nieuwveld" to the N. is the Great Karoo Plateau, which is bounded on the E. by the "Sneeuwbergen," containing the highest summit in the prov-ers, and expenditures of £3,169,889. There ince (Compassberg, 7,800 feet). In the E. are ranges which join the "Drakensbergen" (11,000 feet), between Natal and the Orange Free State. The Orange Free State presents a succession of undulating grassy plains with good pasture-land, at a general elevation of some 3,800 feet, with occasional hills or kopjes. The Transvaal is also mainly mainly an elevated plateau with parallel ridges in the "Magalies" and "Waterberg" ranges of no great height. The veld or plains of this northernmost province is divisible into the Hooge Veld of the S., the Banker Veld of the center, and the Bush veld of the N. and E., the first and second forming the grazing and agricultural region of the Transvaal and the last a mimosa-covered waste. The eastern province of Natal has pastoral lowlands and rich agricultural land between the slopes of the Drakensberg and the coast, the interior rising in terraces as in the southern provinces. The Orange, with its tributary, the Vaal, is the principal river of the S., rising in the Drakensbergen and flowing into the Atlantic between the Protectorate of Southwest Africa and the Cape of Good Hope. The Limpopo, or Crocodile river, in the N., rises in the Transvaal and flows into the Indian Ocean through Portuguese East Africa. Most of the remaining rivers are furious torrents after rain, with partially dry beds at other seasons. Area and Population. The total area of the Union is 473,096 square miles, divided as follows: Cape of Good Hope, 276,966; Natal, 35,291; Transvaal, 110,- 450; Orange Free State, 50,389 square miles. The white population in 1918 was 1,436,611. The colored population in 1911, the last year for which definite figures are available, was 4,697,152. The principal towns are Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth, Pietermaritzburg, East London, Benoni, Kimberley, Germiston, Bloemfontein, Krugersdorp, and Boksburg. The death rate is usually slightly above 10 per thousand, but in 1918, as the result of the influenza epidemic, it rose to over 17 per thousand. Instruction. In April, 1918, the institutions for higher education were reorganized, and there are now three universities, the University of Cape Town, the University of Stellenbosch, and the University of South Africa. There are also several colleges administratively connected with these universities. The total number of students in 1918 was 2,069, the total number of professors and instructors 252. Schools other than those for higher education in 1917 numbered 4,945 for white scholars, with 259,076 students; and 2,670 for colored students, with 187,866 students, having a total of 17,971 teachare also a number of training colleges and special schools. Finances. The ordinary revenue and expenditures of the Union in 1918-19 was £19,256,000 and $19,858,824 respectively. The public debt of the Union on March 31, 1920, was estimated at £166,270,000. Defense. Toward the end of the World War all the British troops stationed in South Africa were withdrawn and the Union itself provided all military forces necessary for its defense. These were raised under the Defense Act, which makes all citizens liable to service within the Dominion. Only a certain proportion of the younger men, however, are annually enrolled and trained. These form the Active Citizen Army, the members of which, after four years, become members of the Citizen Reserve Force, until the age of 45. There are also a Coast Garrison Force, a Permanent Force, and a National Reserve, the latter comprising all citizens between the ages of 17 and 60 not belonging to any of the other forces. Boys between 13 and 17 are compulsorily enrolled in a cadet corps, wherever this is possible. During the World War 136,070 white and 92,837 natives enlisted from the Union. All of these, with the exception of an infantry brigade and several other white units, as well as some 3,000 officers of the Royal Air Force, were used in the operations in Africa. Agriculture and Production. In 1918 the total acreages under cultivation were as follows: Cape Province, 3,152,209; Natal, 1,106,618; Transvaal, 3,012,844; Orange Free State, 2,814,893. In the same year the total production of wheat in the entire Union was 600,000,000 pounds, oats 335,000,000 pounds, of maize 1,942, 000,000 pounds. Other important crops were barley, rye, kafir corn, peas and beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, onions, tobacco, and sugar. The live-stock in 1918 consisted of 6,852,000 cattle, 781,000 horses, 84,500 mules, 554,000 donkeys 314,000 ostriches, 30,000,000 sheep, 8,000, 000 goats, 1,000,000 pigs, and 9,500,000 pou'try. The export of wool in 1918 amounted to over 115,634,000 pounds, of mohair to over 19,600,000 pounds, of hides to over 12,500,000 pounds, of skins to over 30,275,000 pounds, and of mealies to over 509,000,000 pounds. Both the production of cotton and sugar is on the increase. The total extent of forest reserve areas in 1919 was about 2,092,000 acres. The importance of the dairying industry is steadily growing, and in 1918 the production of butter amounted to about 20,000,000 pounds, and of cheese to about 6,000,000 pounds. Irrigation is becoming of greater importance every year, and in 1917-18 the government expenditu expenditure for irrigation amounted to more than $500,- 000. Manufactures. As a result of the World War and the shortage of shipping facilities caused by it, the local manufactures of the Union received a great impetus. Among the most important industries are the production of leather, cement, beer, matches, tobacco, dynamite, soap, rope, furniture, vehicles, etc. The industrial census of 1917-18 showed a gross production of £60,828,440 in 5,919 factories, with a total capital of £53,171,000, and an average number of employees of 134,211, of whom 49,908 were white. Mining. Gold mining is the chief source of the Union's wealth. In 1918 the total amount of gold mined was 18,- 252,000 fine oz., valued at $35,759,000. The total value of diamonds was £7,115,- 000 and of coal £3,225,000. Copper, tin, lime, silver, salt, and asbestos are other important mineral products, and the total value of the mineral output of the Union in 1918 was £47,737,738. In the various mining industries there were employed in 1918, 295,804 persons, of whom 32,820 were white. Commerce. The total value of imports and exports, exclusive of specie, in 1913, the last year previous to the World War, were respectively £41,828,841 and £66,- 569,364. In 1918 they were respectively £49,487,168 and £32,949,237. Over 50% of the imports of general merchandise in 1918 came from the United Kingdom, about 14% from British possessions, or a total of over 67% from the British Empire. The United States leads all the foreign countries in imports, with a total value of £6,771,238, or 13.8% of the total. Japan, the Belgian Congo, Sweden, Brazil, Argentine, Switzerland, France and Holland are the other countries from which imports of considerable value are made. Shipping and Communications. - In 1918 the total number of vessels entered from overseas was 1,036, of 2,989,000 cons net, and the total number of coastwise vessels was 1,780 of 2,541,000 tons net. Upon the formation of the Union the former state railways of the several colonies were merged into one system, the South African railways, which is under the control of the Union Government. In 1919 the total mileage was 9,542, representing a total capital expenditure of over £93,000,000. For 1918- 19 the gross earnings were over £15,- 000,000, and the net loss, after payment of interest, £896,267. At the end of 1918 there were 2,623 post-offices, 15,951 miles of telegraph line, and 3,214 miles of telephone line. Banks. The five banks of the Union in 1918 had a subscribed capital of £10,- 515,900, of which over £5,000,000 was paid in, and deposits of over £72,000,000. In the same year the number of depositors in the government savings banks was 288,833, with deposits of over £7,- 200,000. Government. - The Union of South Africa was constituted under the South Africa Act of 1909, under the terms of which the self-governing colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony were united on May 31, 1910, in a legislative union under one government. These colonies became original provinces of the Union. The Governor-General, appointed by the sovereign, administers the executive government of the Union, together with an executive council, the members of which are chosen by sen by the Governor- General. Various departments of state have been established, the heads of which, not exceeding ten in number, are appointed by the Governor-General. The legislative power is vested in a Parliament consisting of the king, a Senate, and a House of Assembly. Session of Parliament must take place every year. The senate consists of 40 members, each of whom must be a British subject of European descent. The House of Assembly consists of 134 members and is elected for five years. The Cape of Good Hope elects 51, Natal 17, the Transvaal 49, and the Orange Free State 17 members. In most respects membership qualifications are similar to those existing for members of the British Parliament. The House of Assembly originates money bills. It cannot pass a bill for taxation or appropriation unless it has been recommended during the session by a message from the Governor- General. The right of the Senate to amend money bills is restricted. Pretoria is the seat of the Government of the Union. Cape Town is the seat of the Legislature. Each province is administered by an administrator, appointed by the Governor-General for five years, and a provincial council elected for three years. Both the English and Dutch languages are official. The Governor-General in 1920 was Viscount Buxton, and the Prime Minister, General J. C. Smuts. The Union is represented in London by a High Commissioner. The administration of justice is in the hands of the various courts, consisting of the Appellate Division and several provincial divisions of the Supreme Court of South Africa. History. The history of the Union of South Africa, properly speaking, of course, begins only with the formation of the Union in 1910. Previous to that date the history is identical with that of its several provinces, where it is treated more extensively. The first Governor-General was Viscount Gladstone, the son of the famous British statesman. The first cabinet of the Union was headed by General Botha and included among others, Generals Smuts, Hertzog, and Fischer. In 1912 a cabinet crisis developed as a result of General Hertzog's claims that Premier Botha over-emphasized the interests of the British Empire as compared to those of the Union, and showed too strong leanings toward imperialism. The points at issue were closely connected with the opposition to the presence of large numbers of Hindoo laborers, and with the restrictive legislation against these Hindoo laborers which had been passed. The crisis finally resulted in the splitting of the Nationalist Party into two factions. The matter eventually was settled, at least partially. In 1913 an extensive strike of the miners on the Rand occurred. In spite of considerable violence and the calling out of troops, the strike was eventually settled by the intervention of the governm government. A general strike of all miners attempted attemp in 1914 failed as a result of the quick action of the government in arresting the leaders and in forcibly deporting them to England. The Union Parliament passed stringent laws against all forms of picketing, strikes on public works were made a penal offense, and the Government was given permission to deport anyone convicted of public violence or sedition. The working classes of the Union met this legislation by organizing a Labor Party, in opposition to the Nationalist and Unionist parties. At the outbreak of the World War in 1914, both the Government and the Parliament of the Union immediately pledged their unfaltering loyalty to the Empire. The government, as early as September, 1914, determined upon the invasion of German Southwest Africa. The details of the campaigns of the Union forces in this former German colony, as well as those of the later campaigns in German East Africa, are given in the article on the WORLD WAR (q. v.). The first campaign against German South Africa, however, was interrupted in October, 1914, by a revolt led by three former Boer leaders, Lieutenant-Colonel Maritz, General Christian de Wet, and General Christian F. Byers. General Botha immediately assumed command against his three former comrades at arms, and by December, 1914, the revolt had practically collapsed after General de Wet had been made a prisoner and General Byers had been killed. Lieutenant-Colonel Maritz had been forced to flee into German territory. An internal revolt under the leadership of General Hertzog broke out in February, 1915, but was quickly suppressed by the arrest of most of the leaders. All these were tried and sentenced to fines and terms of imprisonment of varying degrees. În 1915 the Union sent an expeditionary force to the western front. Anti- German feeling throughout the Union was intense, and serious demonstrations occurred, especially in 1915, in many of the larger cities. In August, 1915, Parliament was dissolved. The new Parliament elected in October contained a majority for the Government indicating strong popular support of General Botha's policies. Soon after the meeting of Parliament, General de Wet and many of his followers, all of whom had been convicted of high treason, were pardoned. Parliament passed various important bills providing for the reorganization of higher education and for the unifying of the laws of the separate provinces. A "Trading with the Enemy Act" was also passed. In January, 1917, General Smuts, then in command of the Union forces operating in German East Africa was sent to Europe as the representa tive of the Union Government at the Imperial War Conference in London Although the Nationalists continued thei opposition to the government and to its principle of active participation in the war, this opposition did not reflect truly the popular attitude, and the Botha gov ernment was not only able to maintain itself, but even to increase its majorit in Parliament. Late in 1917, a sligh rapprochement between the Unionist and Nationalists took place. At the Peace Conference the Unio was represented by General Botha an General Smuts, both of whom took a active and influential part in the delik erations of the Conference. In May 1919, the Supreme Council awarded th mandate over German Southwest Afric to the Union of South Africa. At th time the Peace Treaty came up for sig 70° F C 80° 75° E D rea Pisaqua Tarapaca Huanchaca 이 Iquique La Norite BU Uyuni Patillos TARAPACA S.Pedro Atocha Atochas Camargo Lagnuus POTOSI Huanillos Quiltasar Fiscachi Fiscachiths Tupiza R. 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Philip B 08 Strait of Magellan WILLIAM nis Punta Arenas LAND DESOLATION N Otway "B BRUNSWICK PEN. STA. INES P OAWSON Longford Sd. IS GRAFTON . Stokes B Cockburn Ol Desolate B. Remote 5 55 STEWART T 15. 35° 40° M N 45° L 50° K 55° J 60° H 65° G Keira puru o CHUQUISACA Fort Coimbra lo Horizon S.Sacramento N Puerto Vargas Victoria A Puerto Pacheco uro Pretoo L Itapura Quilan Puerto Prodde Anham Guaraparim Vila Bunta Sta. Elena illus Niong Passos diarretos S.Francisco -Pidma Et. Olimpo Itapemirim Varg Loma ar Borbon beirão Preto A Caldus S.Sebastião S. Luis ARIJA Apitema Bisimao Gertrudes elis O Campanha Tarija Carapari PIguibobo Galanan mpos Confluencia (Dós Dourados H Paragua Itajuba Irua Quiçaman Jumas del Itau Lenguas Posta Bellavista Catpob Campos Macahe Stal Victoria 1 Bentob Novos S. Maroel Ft. La valle Aman Villa de Salvador RIO DE JANEIRO C.Frio C Tobas Guareh Mangaratiba ara Aldea de S. 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Delgada SOUTHERN PART Gaiman olla Nueva B. wson Engano B. SCALE OF STATUTE MILES OR Triste G. de Vera 650 100 400 $00 300 500 200 Camarones Bay 4 SCALE OF KILOMETERS C. de dos Bahias A 5100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Pta. Marques Gulf of St. George Important towns are shown In heavy face type Mazarrello B. Railways shown thus R. Hillů Pt. C. Tres Puntas STATES OF URUGUAY. STATES OF CHILE. Manantial 1. Artigas. 1. Aconcagua. Puckto Deseado 2. Salto. 2. Valparaiso. T O. Watchman 3. Rivera. 3. Santiago. C. Danoso 4. Paysandu. 4. O'Higgins. Pt. Desengand 6. Tacuarembo. 5. Colchagua, C.S. Francisco de Paula 6. Cerro Largo. 6. Curico. FALKLAND ISLANDS Port Sta. Cruz 7. Rio Negro. (Br.) 7. Talca. Grand Bay Port. Egmont C. Dolphin Pt. Salvador PEBBLE I. 8. Durazno. 8. Maûle. AT Queen ✓ Charlotte St 9. Treinta-y-Tres. 9. Linares. B. Volunteer Pt. WEST EAST 10. Soriano. 10. Nuble. AND Port Stanley SWAN SA FAL C. Orford C Strait of Madellan 11. Flores. 11. Concepcion, Adventure Sd. C. Virgin Proper S BARREN. Eagle Passage Stephe 12. Biobio. 12. Florida. San Sebastian B. 13. Minas. 13. Arauco. Babla Inutil 14. Rocha. Str. of le Maire 14. Mallico. CAS. Diego 15. Celonia. 15. Cautin. TIERRA DEL FUEGO 16. San Jose. 17. Canelones. Okan. STATEN 1. NAVARIN I 18. Maldonado. GUPAC.S. Roman Z PElf of Maracaibo Punta Gallinas A 70° CURAÇAO 1. D (Dutch) CE 80° 75° B A I. YORUBA 1. BC. de la Vela BUEN AYRE (Dutch) Capadare COLONS ROQUES C.San Juan de Guga Santa Marta b Puerto de Dibulla Riohacha иcпeabo of Triste: LOS I Goajir Barranquilln R Puerto Cabello. Calamaro Star Martass 02 Guaira A Coro Sabanilla Sierra Nevada Calaboro Cartagena CARAalencia C Heredia Maracaibo Altagracias. 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Rafael Meta Pueblo Tara Manizales Baudo Mirafieres Nueva 。 5 Barrabaca Cartago Libano BOGOTA Curaro Raval Raya Geiba Orin Noanan Thague AMAZONAS 0-0 Cabnyaro Victorino Ocune A S.Juan R. S. Barbara Vicencio TERRITORY Guacomo Sin Tulua LIM Buenaventura 008. MBI A Baya San Fernando Choco Bay de Atabapo Martin By Artecipal Esmeralda Cali an Baltazar Hillera A Micai OF ST.MARTIN Viejo CatotoNelック Victor TERRITORY Timbiqui Tebi La Plata Matraca Guaviare Pt. Guascama Maroa Angostura Fall Iscunde Popayan Oloro S.Jose 3 Pon Ciano Tumaco Tigre Ferd Arano Boliva Nazaratho Caguan Guacamayo Sa.do Curupira Tumacro Carlos Pescado. Turaima Waupes Bruno Pt.Manglares Maniciare Estevao 2. TERRITORY OF Campana Pasto La Tola Cuyari Cucuhy c Limon PEDRO IV 1 piales CAQUETA Carure Sn Isabel. Guame Conceperon Pt.Galera Esmeraldas, Yura Yaco Castanheiro Panore Maracaj Janaritec Zapotal Guia Jose Taraqua Pedernales S.Miguel Joaquim 0 Rio Pichincha QULTO S.Gabriel CLAIMED BY COLOMBIA paxi facunga - Avila Casa Cunti Trinidad tumay S. Pedro S. Jacamin Taboca Thoma Sihare 4 Coton Yapura PERU Vajanari CLAIMED BY Archidona Cat." Manta Por Coca BDY 8. Antoni Napo Coca Maloca Ambato Canelos La Region 440 Riobamba OR Guaranda en Ambrosio s Maiselno de Marapy ura Guayaquil Fortaleza URACAT eguas Andons Curaray Alausi BDY, CLAIMED ECUADOR BY Andreas Fontebon PUNA 1. Arabella Pinches igre Tonantins Onenca Gulf of Oran Pebas Guayaquil Machula Ros Maraua ogueira Pasaza Sancudo Rosorio OD BDY CLA MED Matura Callen 13 Teffe R C.Paring Loreto Iquitos S. Paulo de, Mutumenara S.Cruz Olivenca Joannico Maucallacta Omaguas Camucheros Santander laba Celica 15 Nauti Capacetes Catauixi Barranca Urarinas Carnuary Fonte Vera Tapichl Sitio de Pa Jeveros Sechura Jurua Bay R Cura Mayobamb Pt Tapaua Cigano LORETO Pacoval Aguja Canotama achapoyas Shapuja Java R Curua Lambayeque Chiclayo Samaya PERU BY BOUNDARY CLAIMED Cashiboya Hyutanaham Juru Juana u 5 Traluava Roabo Paijan Sion BERT Quicia Calleria Locache Trujillo Mutum Huanape Purus BlAntonios N. S.Rith Santal Cuniyaou erto Gibbon Maria Casm TORY Pto Herndon Huaraz Nueva York Culebra 10 Pacayn Huarmey Para Orton Termopilas Mont N Corro de o Pativilca Costa Rica Orton sto Pasco Huaura Amapoo Riberal ultini ronquin Pto. Chandless Salinas RCarmen Chuma Filadelf Chancay bari Concepción Carmen Ino Lorenzo Cantaro Lake Callao, LIMA In Roguaguado CO Mamore Cara Maco Cavims Sta. Rosa Madidi R Chilea Bolivar Sutre ara Cerro Azul gos Miguel Exaltacion コ Chincha Baja L. Rogagua banony Sta. Ana Pisco Macusan PARACAS PEN. Crucero Apolóbambal Rejes Dolores C.Carretas anota Independencia B. St Javier Pt. and Mesa Dona Maria Vudo de Apolobamba de Mt. 15 Mohol LA PAZ Q Criterion San Juan Bautista'o Callali S.Ana Viracoc Mt.Sorata Acari/R. RE Atiquipa Huaina Potosi Sahuas R. ndacay LA PAZ20,178 Chimere tor Atico Ocaña Mt COCHA Camana Quilea chaca Islay BAMBA Mollendo Corocoro Cochabamba Moquegna 7 Pt.Coles Mizque Tacи 21,047 Turco Or TAGNA Sajama- Poopo S. Pedro Arica Pk Pampan Colquehaca Chach Aullagas Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co. 1921 Challapata ORURO Chiza Suere Sabaya Tiliviche PROVINCES IN EQUADOR Potosi Pisagua Tarapaca Chiapa Tomavi Porcoo 1. Esmeraldas 9. Tunguragua 20 Huanchaon Iquiques TARA 2. Carchi 10. Guayas POTOST La Noria Patillos 3. Imbabura S. Pedro Atocha 11. Chimborazo scunz Mani Wiscachilla Huanillos 4. Manabi 12. Canar Tupiza Quaeaarija Loa R. Quillagua Lipez 5. Pichincha 13. Azuay Chico ET Toco Tocopilla Calum 14. El Oro 6. Leon Gaciny Sta. Victoria Cobijapu Atacama RosarioSALTA 15. Loja 7. Rios Mejillones B Licancaur Vol.40621 LOS Los JUJU Oran LOS Mejillones ANTOFAGASTA ANDE 8. Bolivar 10. Oriente 65 70° 75° C 80° B D To S. Antonio 60° H F 50° G 55° EST.VINCENT Kingston BARBADOS I. Bridgetown A MARGARITA GRENADAD Asuncion (Br.) Porto de Bareto Dragons Mouths Inhauma Gulf of PORT OF CONCEICAO Sta. Anna Rio Caribe Inhauma Carupano TOBAGO 1. Bay BAY Morro d'Armacao Pt.Galera Parid(TRINIDAD (Br.) STA.BARBARA 1. ENCHADAS 1. S.Francisco 650 100 200 Praia Grande S.Christovão Pt.Galeota Nictheroy Xavior Bay COBRAS I Serpents Mouth SCALE OF KILOMETERS Maturin Sao Domingo Delta RIO Jearahy del Orinoco perial 200 300 400 100 500 600 700 800 S. Francisco Aaver Ft.Gravata Delta/Amaer BERMUDEZ Sta Fal Praia Ft. Boa Viagem d' Iearahy Sadco de S. Francisco Ft. Engenho Mamo R Important towns are shown in heavy face type Villegagnon BARIMA 1. Anaparie Bamberrys Tinataea Varioca Jurujubu Jurujuba Maruca GEORGETOWN V.Isabel Da Gloria Railways shown thus Pt. Jurujuba Bay yun on Essequibo R. Waikal Bartica New Amsterdam Andarahy Lima Comprido Catete Ft. Lage 2 Guri YURUARI da Guacipati Simuita A Berbice R. 0 0 Ft. S. João Mt.S.João Ft. T Corentyne R. RAMARIBO aron Mt.de Dona Martha arange Praia de Pora Sta. Cruz Avéch Vredenburg Botafoga L Botalogo raia Vermers Praia do Tinhos Mazaruni Nickerie Paragua Batavia Alto do Açucar Hattes Sinnamarie Laurent Iracoubo Mahay paruo Corcovado D A 6 CAYENNE Macouria D Jose Patamong Mora De Hoop Botonical M. da Albina OCOTUNDUBAI, ATLANTIC 45 Arecuna Ackar Poly goudons Guizambourg Savane Garden Rodrigo Sanado Pt. Leme BRITISH Jayfield Andresa Roraima Mt. C.d'Orange Copacabana OCEAN de Freitas Talepong Tambio Tomatai Hughesborg Aratou Cotica St.Marie/ StiLouis Lake C.Cachipur R Barapang Cat, DUTCH Arinda 35° Manitoba 40° Quarquia Pacaraima Serra FRENCH Mora Apoteri Cat Cachipour Mareppa Dry Tabaki Cumara Cajacaja St Paul Carapaporis Channel Pirara Waromi GUIANA GUIANA Counani praviscer, Sapara Macnaana Gopdalla Cat. Xamaike GULAN R. S. Bento Et Joaquin Essequibo Channel Purotu Boa Vista C.Raso do Norte MARAÇA I. Durluri Tenette poike 3 Coarawow Tumac-Humac M Cachip de Lesseps Pepenn Waraip Canal Perigoso Nazon River ts eak Baterie Caracaray Canal do Norte Amazon Mouths of the Rio Branco Taliman on Mts. cuman Maopity R Canen VIANA De Cratap Joannes Rio Para or Tocantins Manouri Zurumata Atupi Courun Nova Canal do Sul Carme Puimro Nazareth MIXIANA 1. BRY C.Magoarl Trucuria ~N Malaripo Brale C EQUATOR Bragança pere Vatuma mbeta Javes elem viseo C.Gurupy Para) Outer Lurup, ot/ ( Tamandua Bay Tury assu Moreira Curuen ISLA Theodoretopoli A Maranhão (S. Luiz) MARAJO DarcelloB SMaria Tury-o Cururupu Montaleg Alemquer Guimaraes Marcos 8.Joso N S. B. Parnahyba R. Perdu Cat. Cravoeiroo Broves Obidos Abate S. Domingogy Gurupa Moura Parnahyba Jericoacoara Moju Sta Annaອຄົນ Orto Camocin Ayro Oehas Britiba Acaraçu Almofala de Mok 4 Badajoontes Aureos Souze Ceara (Fortaleza) Conceição Capella Alcantara Camata Carmo orou Mundahu Muirapinim Tauпpecпoud Paracuru G R Sex Bentos Boim thefering Ressaca Manaos Ambe Pimenta linna Pessem 2. Aipurusa Miguel Tutoya Ta Simo Sta. Cruz Correia Anaul S.Pedro Amazon limoes Curi Capella Patos Aveiro Cascavel aquara Capelli C R panya do Moucho Desor za Mundrucus.c ordem Aracaty Gree cate Pt.Cajuaz stre Cát Maruas R Bacaja B Aldea Coary N numa Coronta Areao A ituba Caninde San Christo Juruna Village Caissara MARA lorencao Incau ba Vista Alegre Mura-malous Sapficaiarocca Quiriri Codo C.St.Roque 5 ittinga R Mundruen peratriz Boa Vista Tabocal Barthol Tapajoz illages Casa Leocadio Palmneira Riachuelo S..Jodo das Natal Capana Purus Marmelos Made Tubatinga Sa.Cayn incente Chupada Village Remanso duas Darras Sal Grande Formosa Bon Porto Franco S.Francisco Baetas Mundruou Village Castanhar Tirol ose dos Martirios tuante Sado Estrondo B. Sa. dos Juma Tapuru R Araguar Gradaus a.do Penitenb Re ahyba Carolina erum Carapanatuba Pirayta Ca Cape 5 Ria Orato S. Pedro Draco do Plauny Sa, dois Irmãos Blanco UH Sa do Urussuny prea Paraiso namzofudu Conacho Rapids 20 Cord do Norte buco R Boto Fogo Eno, Francisco (Recife) uru Ped ro Cavilcante Deenos Ayres Affo Rode M Sete Quedas Cat. Barreiros Tocantins ena Porto das Sta. Mar Pedras Alto de Monteiro Mirandella Piran R Manor Sa Chavan R Maceio Madeira anoel Tombadore Carixas 10 madas Sa. do Duro Sta. Marie Martius Cat. Piassabussu Гapeta Balxo Qy Agua CEAN S. Francisco R. Suja B.Rita Pinguella I B Braco Majo R Aracaju 800 Barra ge Carmo neob Estancia Natividade Pouso Alegre BANANA Itapicurú R. Mundo Boavista Duro Timbo Conde Novo S G Conceição moeiro B Sa dos Picos Riach Cachoeira ranatin Mata de S. João Urub Palma Sa. Guarajus SAntonio Nazareth An São Salvador Bandeira ER All Saints Bay Magdalena (Babia) Caytete Baure Valenca Araguaya R. mpos dos Porto Flore Conceição Cavaleante de Baures Parepis de Guarajus R. Marahu YAZ BEN Diamantino o Taboas Carmen de Mojos- Quente Pedras Plateau of (Rosario Matto Grosso Ilheos Trinidad 15 Una Loreto Urubicha Lavrinhay Cazalbusc Brotas Janu Itacaiusinho Cuyaba p Coenes Kueve • Sade São Jeronymo Rio Par S.Barbara Jauru S.Luis Sangra-douro Cannavieras Jurup Levo Guapayor Jaragua Ascencion Pactuhy Belmonte Pto da Manga Porubioo Pocone Gorotuba Caceres egistro Yaz Corunil S.Xavier Concepcion Coruniba Sta Matto Grosso Santa Cruz Sal Brojo 0 Porto Seguro Bella Vista B Urucuia Teja SnIgnacio S. Matia Theresa Christinal ATLANTIG aracatu artha Trancoso Sta Rosa Coração Cuatrojos. Swamp of Matta da Cordo Torres do R. Bonit Bomlin TS. Rafael A Бaлaлa Lourenco Minas Nova Para Prado 7 Pouso Alto Sta Francisco Santa Ro Caravellas Pornebuela osta Cruz de la Sierra CERAES Dores erde Sto. Corazon Morrinhos Vicasa Chilop SANTA Theophilo Poco de Piars Coxim CRU talao Diamantina Itaunas Otton! Santiago Sta Rita Bagagem Parauna Villa da Barra de St.Matheus La Cachela Balkin Ingunry Abapo Masabi Sto. Domingo Hahus velle Blanca Matheus a, dos Cayn Faquary Potrerito 20 rocinio Espira Linhares Corumba o Tacura Naque Saipuru Cult Albuquerque Regencia Charagua Fazenda SPIRITO Uberaba Sacramento Sabay Islem Keira S.Cruz 20 Parapiti Antonio Bello Hor Puerto Puerto Terenos ictoria Quilma o Pacheco Sta. Ri Vina Punta Curango Ouro Preto Vargas CHUQUISACA Alden P'to de Anham do Para pura d Guaraparim t. Olimpo or Barbon CamargoS S. Francisco Passos tos Pidma Star Itapemirim Villa Nioabi Aguafria Paranahyba matronic Apitema o S. Sebastião vanhandaya Varginha Sao come Gertrulles uay A TA J R I Galapa Sta Rosa Iguibobo 00 Carapari Confluencia Tayasuyania Campos Dos Dourados Juntas del Itau Quiçaman Pirapo Nantes Calupos Campos de Ft.Lavalle Irua Macahe Pusta Bellavista mambay Dragones FORMOSA Motin C.Frio Vilta de Salvador TER. OF Bonito Aldea de S. Pedro PARAGUAY I.GRANDE RIO DE JANEIRO P ARGENTINAR Sorocaba Concepcion 45° 40° 35 J H E Longitude 60 ° West F from Greenwich G 50° L 55° K nature, General Smuts made a strong protest against some of its terms and announced that he signed the Peace Treaty only under protest. General Botha returned home in July, 1919, and died suddenly at Pretoria on Aug. 28, 1919. He was succeeded as Premier by General Smuts. As compared with most of the other countries which had been involved in the World War, the Union suffered, during 1919 and 1920, comparatively few of the difficulties which the return to peace conditions brought about elsewhere. Business was in a prosperous condition and the far-sighted policies po of the government in respect to the reestablishment of ex-soldiers and to the prevention of unemployment, met the issues at stake succes successfully. SOUTH AFRICAN WAR. See BOER WAR.