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South Dakota

South Dakota names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.

South Dakota a State in the North Central Division of the North American Union

Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a State in the North Central Division of the North American Union; bounded by North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana; admitted to the Union, Nov. 2, 1889; number of counties, 78; capital, Pierre; area, 76,850 square miles; pop. (1910) 583,888; (1920) 636,- 547. Topography. The surface of the E portion of the State is a level plain, including the great plateau of the Missouri and a similar plateau E. of the James river. W. of the Missouri river the surface is broken, and contains the Black Hills, averaging 6,000 feet in height. This region covers an area of 3,200 square miles, and reaches its greatest altitude in Harney's Peak, 7,368 feet. The chief rivers in the E. section of the State are the Dakota or James, entering from North Dakota, and the Big Sioux, forming part of the E. boundary; both emptying into the Missouri river. W. of the Missouri and also emptying into it are the White, Cheyenne, Grand, and Moreau. 104° A 103° B 102° C 101° 100° D E 99° • Napoleon R. A N A R Kulm K A Wishek Linton Missouri N Ball Paoli Monango 46 Ft. Yates Cannon STANDING Haley Ashley Little Grand Cave Lemmon Big Nasty Cr. RO Artas Greenway Longlake Ludlow Oak Bull Cr. T Hills R. Gale Herreid Sutherland C Eureka 0 R MCPHERSON N Jones CAMPBELL Ashcroft Seim S.n Mound City Grand Martel Leola Delhi Little Eagle Fk Buffalo Grand Campb HARDS. Sutley • Hillsview N N R. 2 Camp Crook Tislo 2 Reva Slim Búttes PERKINS Glenham Hosmer Pioneer Mabridge Java Date Chunder Mina Bison Selby Harding Bowdle Evarts Bangor Roscoe o Ipswich Chance Rabbit WALWORTH UNDS EDMU Butte Antelope Thunder Butte Sand Morean Albion Swan Cr. Cr. R. Gustave Swan L. Loyalton Powell Bud Lands ea M Ph Moreau D Moreauk StHerbert Hoven Orleans Bixby Moreaw Arrowhead Eales Pembroke R CHEYENNE Haystack Butte Cresbard Roanoke Springs Millard Deep Cr. Hills Patchskin Buttes Northville Castle Rock Butte 45 De Koe Dupre POTTER Deer Ears FAULK Lebanono Seneca Elm Cheyenne Agency Crow Cr. Bellefourche Sulphur Or Gettysburg Burkmere- Faulkton U ZIEBACH Forest 402020 E INDIAN Miranda Ellisville City Tennis Orient Rockham ARMSTRONG Dunsmore Laurel Potter Engelhard RESERVATION Artichoke Agar Sulphur 6 Kaspe Goudyville airbank Lewiston Okobojo Dryo Dittlel Zeigler Buttes Helmick Stoneville Howell Roy Sedgwick Ida Cr. Scoma Valen Bellefourche Cherry Cr. Caryenne Lindsay 。 Cherry Houdek R. Rousseau SULLY Bozo Edwino Sully Buttes Onida Burdette McCamley Hawley Ft Bennett St. Onge Big Bottom Ney SOM C bearfish Cr. Whiteowl Wolf Aftong Okofojo Elwood Clifton Elm Cr Volunteer 3 Carbopate HYDE HAND Leslie Hopewell Shiloho Central C Deadwood Spring CT. Marston Whitewood Holabird Hardingrove Moenville Oranide lead Sturgis erravil000 St. Lawrence E Blunts Hartley Lacy Milesville Cahe Medicine Knoll Harrold Highmore Heights Ft.Mende Ree Grandfield Miller ٦٥ Pedro HAAKON ST Hereford Alkali Or STANLE HUGHES R Galena Hayes Havercroft Bellefourche Dalzell Dowling lingellsbur Topbar Manila Chapelle PIERRE Canning LAWRENCE --Tutord. Roubaix Dumont Albany Glendale Wessington Bend Elmspringso Garland Fort Pierre Giddings Peno Ashcreek Fast Pierre Nemo o Lucerne Bunker Plum Cr. K. Wendte Piedmont Hills Elbon Smithville De Grey Stephan Valleyview Ames TopeeB Black O Viewfield Hilland Cheyenne • Dean Hawk Pheba Ottumwa LOWER Roch ford Merritt CREEK Bailey o CROW Waterbury Smith Box Elder Cr Rapid City Mystic Pactola Silver Van Metre Rowe Grindstone Vesta INDIAN Duncan Hyde BRUCE Cy. Richards Templeton P EON N Nowlin Leir Cedar Philip 14 Grindstone Powell Bad Aidland 이 Capa Kolls BUFFALO INDIAN Lower BruleB G Fk. Dakota City Deerfield McClure Cr. Farmingdale N Redfern Crow Creek Buttes KILLBESERVATION E Rockervillerom • Gannvaller Highland RESERVATION Hill City Sherican AV Keystone White Stamford Clay Butte Draper Vivan Oreville Medicine Butte Cottonwood Cr Gleno Y AN HILLS Creston Whitewater Cr. KSON JACK Presho Medicine Kennebec Lyman R. Okaton Murdo Hermosa Folsor Grosse Belvidere R Reliance Lyonville Custer Otistle Vera Hilmoe Sweeney Cr Kadoka Weta Chamberlain Elk Mountain Bakerville Red Butte Sheep Mt. Interior White Oacoma Westover gon Fairburn Cr. Houston Cr Silvia Edna M Kimball Table ST Pukwana Cavite Cr B ANDS Beav BRULE White Bear in Pringle Lake Pumpki Brule Pass White R. Corn Red Lake Pipe D G Windcay 20 Cold B Sugarlouf Mt. Bendon E R Olao Bull Eagles Nest Iona E Eagleo Dunlapo MELLETTE WASHINGTON SHABAUGH Old Lodge Minnekantao { Buffalo GapCh Black Dog Ear Eastman White Oak Coyle Porcupine Bijou Hillso Hot Springs Lodg AD Parkers Pk.k. Oral Sprs. andler Academy Jouber New Kyle Wounded nee Allen Caseade White Missour remont Smithwick Platte Cr Cr 8 Fk. Winner Lithia C FALL RIVER Porcupine Butte TRIPP Sisoka BENNETT Oelrichs Provo Rosebud Dallas GREGORY SHANNON Starcher lat Martin T 0 D D Manderson Porcupine Gamble Gregory Herrick Wheeler Slim (Butte Eckard Ardmore Pineridge Saint Elmon Lacreek Bonesteel Keya Fairfax Ft. Cou Paha Ponca Merriman Adelia R. Chadron Butte Whitney Niobrara Harrison Rushville R. Niobrara R SOUTH DAKOTA N E B A SCALE OF STATUTE MILES Girard 05 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 70 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 6 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 County Towns Railroads A 103° B 102° C 101° Longitude D E Greenwich 99° West 100° from ght, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 F 98° G 97° H R Red Sheyenne Lisbon A T M Wahpeton Wild Rice R R Cogswell Hankinson O Oakes Forman. O Lidgerwood Fairmount R. 46 Ellendale H Whiterock Veblerio Claire City Vernon hon Rosholt ame Heela Kiddero Elm Victoro Savo O Crawford 0 Frederick Detroit Burch Britton Storm Visa m Wheaton ffington, Wina MARSHALL Otto Bossko Lake Cityo Houghton Amhersto N Windom Sunnyside L. Traverse Bern Westport Claremont 송 Spain Eden. Sisseton Brown Valley BROWN Langford Frank Goodrillo Columbia Huffton Heever Plana Putney Pierpont Nutley Ordway 2 Lohre Sisseton Agency Aberdeen Roslyn Grenville Jaroton N James Big Stone Bath Lynno Andover Pickeret Lake Wilmot rton Rudolph D AY ville Gem Gorena Sumnit Brigh Mud erney! Bristol Webster Bigstone City Warner Butler olmquist aubay Marvin Milbank Mansfield Verdon Twin Brooks 。 Chautauqua Strouseton GRAN Moccasin Conde Dex Lily Wallace-exter Southsbore Stockholm 。 Mellette Albee Kent Forestville M Helgen Troy Wesley Bradley Turton Esterly Rauville Revi 45 Athol Ashton ✓ Raymond Clark Watertown Stran CODINGTON Kranzburg Goodwin Garden City Grobe INK Mell S Henry Kampeska Cactus Altamont Timber Elrod Deland Redfield Frankfort Bemis Gary CLARK Grover Ridge Castlewood DEUEL Naples Irving Crandon OF Clear Lake Hazel Vandervoorto ames HAMLIN Altruring Vienna Tulare Lolley Grandt Ladelle Willow Lake Dempster Carpenter Lake Prestone Teronto Astoris Hayti Poinsett Hitchcock Winthrop Bryant yant Norden Bonillao Lakeside nmarko Bancroft Erwino Broadland lington Wessington Hetland Vale Osceola White Bruce Wolsey De Smet LE Manchester BROOKINGS BEA ◎ Cavour/Iroquois KINGSP Bushnell Huron Volgao Brookings Aurora Virgil Mathews Esmond Thompson Elkton Farnsworth Alpena Drakola Oldham Belle Medaso Lates essing дa Carthaged Ward Ramona Cornell Callihan Flandreau Spryone Woonsocket LAKE Roswell ER MOOD Madison • Cowardo Junius Wentworth Colman Eran Gordon SANBORN Vilas Winfred Fedora Crowlake Trent Letcher Beaver Canova Chester AURORA Mitche Rock Epiphany Firesteel Dell Rapid Loomis Hartman Colton Baltic Sherman Riverside Salem Lyons Garretson trose Mont HANSON Spencer Mt. MINNEH EHAHA boge Vernon Plankinton MCCOOK Crooks Corson DAVISON Bard Alexandria Humboldt Valley Enemy Flynn Jame Canastota Hartford Ellis Brandon Spra o Stickney Robey Bridgewater Sioux Falls Eviouxalla Ethan Dolton Clayton Holla olland Monroe Tea Hillside Harrisburg 4 olland Harrison Marion Parker Milltown. Chancellor Corsica A Parkston Freema Lennox Canton INSON TURNER DOUGLAS HUTCHIN Hurley Worthingo Hummer Armour Rezek. Wittenberg O WSioux Geddes -Davis LINCOLN Menno Olivet Delmont Hooker Fairview CHARLES MIX Tripp Scotland Viborg Hudson Centerville o Hanson Lake Andes Faro Beresford Vodnany Irene Komstad BONHOMME Lesterville Alcepter 43 Wagner Av Randall O YANKTON Wakonda Dalesberg م Volin Alsen Tyndall Utica Missijuhi Missionhill CLAY Greenwood Loretta Nora Tabor Yankton • Westerville Andrus Perkins Big Spink Gayville Cr. UMON Springfield Missouri Meckling Vermilion unning Water R R. Burban O Hartington Elkpoin Jefferson Center I Ponca M Bloomfield A K S O'Neill Sioux Laurel 5 Plainview Randolph Elkhorn O Wakefield Pierce Wayne R. Neligh F 98° G 97° H There are but few large lakes, Big Stone and Traverse, forming part of the N. E. boundary, being the only ones of any size. Geology and Mineralogy. - The Black Hills, of Archæan formation, form the center of a system of concentric circles of geological ages. The Palæozoic surrounds the Archæan core, and consists of beds of Potsdam sand and Trenton lime. Around this is a circle of Jurassic and Triassic formations. The Miocene period covers the region W. of the Missouri and S. of the Bad river. The Black Hills contain some of the most valuable mineral deposits in the United States. Gold is the most important mineral production in the State. It comes almost entirely from the Black Hills. The production in 1919 was 254,820 ounces, valued at $5,267,600. Other mineral products include copper, lead, stone, and clay products. Soil and Agriculture. The soil is a light but rich loam overlying a fertile clay sub-soil, and is especially adapted to raising cereals. Wild fruits grow in great abundance, rich grass covers the prairies in the E. and Black Hills and Bad Lands afford excellent advantages for dairy farming and stock raising. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as Lollows: corn, 3,200,000 acres, production 91,200,- 000 bushels, value $108,528,000; oats, 1,850,000 acres, production, 53,650,000 bushels, value $33,800,000; barley, 875,- 000 acres, production, 19,250,000 bushels, value $22,138,000; wheat, 3,725,000 acres, production 30,175,000 bushels, value $72,- 420,000; rye, 500,000 acres, production 6,500,000 bushels, value $8,125,000; hay, 890,000 acres, production 1,558,000 tons, value $21,033,000; potatoes, 90,000 acres, production 4,500,000 bushels, value $8,- 550,000. Manufactures. - There were in 1914 898 manufacturing establishments in the State, giving employment employment to 3,788 wage earners. The capital invested was $15,- 060,000, the amount paid in wages $2,628,- 000, the value of the materials used $17,080,000, and the value of the finished product $24,139,000. Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 126 National banks in operation, having $5,675,000 in capital; $4,109,000 in outstanding circulation; and $13,496,- 000 in United States bonds. There were also 519 State banks, with $10,038,000 capital. Education. Both elementary and secondary education are free to all persons from 6 to 21 years of age. Attendance between the ages of 8 and 16 at a public day school is compulsory. There were in 1918, 88,848 pupils enrolled in 5,296 elementary schools. The teachers numbered 5,493. There were 326 secondary schools, with 1,947 teachers and 49,637 pupils. The colleges include the University of South Dakota, at Vermilion; Agricultural College at Brookings; Augustana College, at Canton; Dakota University, at Mitchell; Yankton College, at Yankton; Huron College, at Huron; Redfield College, at Redfield; and Baptist llege, at Sioux Falls. College, Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic; Lutheran, Independent Synod; Methodist Episcopal; Congregational; Lutheran, General Synod; Presbyterian; Regular 1 Baptist; Lutheran, Synodical Conference; Protestant Episcopal; Reformed; and Evangelical Association. Railroads. The total length of railroads within the State on Jan. 1, 1920, was 4,300 miles. Finances-There was a balance in the treasury on July 1, 1918, of $3,144,924. The receipts for the fiscal year 1913 amounted to $7,937,044, and the disbursements to $7,441,146. The State has no bonded debt. The assessed value of real and personal property in 1919 was $1,846,456,090. Charities and Corrections. The charitable and correctional institutions under the control of the State include the Blind Asylum at Gary, School for Deaf Mutes at Sioux Falls, Penitentiary at Sioux Falls, Training School at Plankinton, Hospital for the Insane at Yankton, Soldiers' Home at Hot Springs, School for Feeble Minded at Redfield, and Sanitarium for Tuberculosis at Custer. These institutions are under the control of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. State Government. -The governor is elected for a term of two years. Legislative sessions are held biennially in odd years, beginning on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January, and are limited in time to 60 days each. The Legislature has 45 members in the Senate and 135 in the House. There are 3 Representatives in Congress. History. The country now known as the Dakotas was acquired by the United States as a part of the Louisiana Purchase. It was partly explored by Lewis and Clark in 1804 and 1806, by Frémont in 1839, and by Warner in 1855. The Territory of Dakota was created in 1861, and in 1868 Wyoming Territory was formed from part of its area. A scientific expedition, escorted by troops under General Custer, entered the Black Hills in 1874, and gave the first authentic information about the mineral wealth of that region. In 1883 a convention to frame a State constitution for Dakota met at Sioux Falls. Dissensions between SOUTH DAKOTA UNIVERSITY 506 the people of the two sections of the Territory followed, and in 1888 it was decided to divide the territorial area into two States, under the names of North and South Dakota. The bill for their admission passed Congress and was signed by the President, Feb. 22, 1889. In 1890- 1891 the "Indian Messiah" excitement led to troubles with the Sioux Indians, and in 1892 the Yankton Sioux ceded to the government a large part of their reservation between the Missouri and Choteau rivers.

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

a north central state of the American Union. It lies approximately between the forty-third and forty-sixth degrees of north latitude and the ninety-seventh and one hundred fourth degrees of west longitude. A portion of the northeastern boundary is formed by Lakes Traverse and Big Stone. The portion of the rectangle lost at this point is more than counterbalanced by the projection of a peninsula at the southeast, between the Big Sioux and the Missouri. Area, 76,620 square miles, considerably greater than that of New England . With the exception of a small tract tributary to the Red River and the Minnesota, the entire state lies in the basin of the Missouri. The greatest altitude is found in the Black Hills , where Harney's Peak reaches a height of 8,700 feet. The lowest part of the state is the shore of Big Stone Lake, 967 feet above sea level. The winding valley of the Missouri starting from the north, cuts the map of the state into two nearly equal areas. The chief tributary on the east is the James. The chief western tributaries are the Grand, Moreau, Cheyenne, and White. The Black Hills, in the extreme southwest, is an elevated region of quartz, granite, and sedimentary rocks, rounded and eroded by the elements into huge domes, ridges, and gulches. Deadwood, Lead, and other towns in this locality are practically mining camps. Crushers, smelters, and reducing works on a large scale are in evidence in many localities. There are valuable ores of gold, silver, lead, and tin. The Homestake mine is famous for productivity. In the combined production of gold and silver, South Dakota claims fourth place in the Union. The Black Hills district has produced $140,000,000 worth of gold alone. THE BAD LANDS . The Bad Lands, an area of 2,000 square miles of weird scenery, lie west of the Missouri. The most characteristic region is that between the White and the Cheyenne. There deep valleys have been eroded in a white clay, leaving steep clay cliffs, sometimes 300 feet high. Sometimes pillars of clay capped with layers of sandstone, stand like the chimneys of a city. The buttes and ravines, adorned with fantastic buttresses and pinnacles, form a confused labyrinth, through which only those familiar with the grassy bottoms and dry, gravelly waterways can hope to find their way. A great number of interesting fossils-skeletons of extinct animals-have been found in the cliffs. The region is much frequented by scientists from Eastern colleges. PRODUCTS. The Black Hills are clothed with western pine and other evergreens, and there are areas of hardwood along the Missouri, but the lumber output of the state is not important. Apples, plums, and small fruits do well in the Black Hills and in the southeastern part of the state. The eastern third of the state is one of the great agricultural regions of the world. The mines of the southwest yield about $10,000,000 a year, but the farmers and stockraisers produce (1909) about $190,000,000 a year. Named in order of money value, the chief agricultural productions are live stock, wheat, corn, hay, oats, dairy products, barley, poultry and eggs, potatoes and other vegetables, flax, wool, and rye. Secretary Doane Robinson estimated that the value of all products of the soil and mines for 1909 was $381.80 for every man, woman, and child in the state. CLIMATE. The annual rainfall decreases regularly from east to west. At the Minnesota border from twenty to forty inches may be expected. The western border receives about one-third as much. The winters are like those of southern Minnesota and northern Iowa. In the western part of the state cattle make their own living on the dried bunch grass. In a broken region, when the snow is sure to be swept from at least a part of the surface by winds, there is little danger of stock perishing. HISTORICAL. When first known to white men, the country was occupied by the Dakota Indians. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed up the Missouri in 1804. In 1832 George Catlin, the painter and student of Indian customs, accompanied a steamboat of the American Fur Company on a trip up the Missouri. Six years later John C. Fremont explored the eastern part of the state. The earliest settlers were fur traders. The earliest settlements were fur-buying camps established from St. Louis as a center. The buffalo disappeared about 1856-60. The earliest permanent farming settlement was made at Sioux Falls in 1856-7. The first railroad was built from Sioux City, Iowa, to Yankton, in 1872-3. The first purchases of land were made from the Sioux in 1851. The territory of Dakota was organized in 1861. South Dakota, North Dakota , Montana, and Washington were admitted to the Union by an omibus act in 1889. The dividing line between the two Dakotas runs a township south of the forty-sixth meridian. The population in 1900 was 401,570, including 20,000 Indians on reservations. In 1905 the population was estimated at 455,000. EDUCATION, ETC. The state has made liberal provision for education. A system of common schools is supplemented by high schools in all the larger towns. The state university is at Vermilion; the agricultural school at Brookings; the school of mines, at Rapid City; and the normal schools are at Madison, Aberdeen, Springfield, and Spearfish. There are also several denominational colleges. Named in order of adherents, the leading religious denominations of the state are the Methodists, Lutherans, Catholics, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Episcopalians. Named in order of population, the leading cities and towns are Sioux Falls, Lead, Aberdeen, Deadwood, Yankton, Watertown, Huron, and Brookings. Pierre on the Missouri is the capital. In the vicinity of Pierre and elsewhere there are extensive remains of mound builders or some other pre-historic race. The outlines of an extensive fort may yet be traced. The height and strength of the walls and their adaptability to stand a siege, as well as specimens of pottery and well tempered copper implements, indicate a degree of industry and of intelligence and skill not possessed by the Dakotas. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 76,850 Population (1908) 498,000 Sioux Falls 12,283 Lead 8,052 Aberdeen 5,841 Deadwood 4,364 Yankton 4,189 Number counties 53 Members of state senate 45 Representatives 104 Salary of governor $3,000 U. S. representatives 2 Presidential electors 4 Assessed valuation of property $283,000,000 Bonded indebtedness $383,184 State revenue $2,500,000 Agricultural Products-- Wheat, bushels 47,588,000 Corn, bushels 65,270,000 Oats, bushels 43,500,000 Barley, bushels 19,910,000 Rye, bushels 578,000 Flax, bushels 5,640,000 Potatoes, bushels 4,000,000 Hay, tons 804,000 Poultry products $5,500,000 Wool, pounds 4,443,000 Manufacturing establishments 2,492 Capital invested $7,585,000 Raw material $8,696,000 Output of manufactures $13,085,000 Output of gold $4,138,000 Mineral and quarry products $10,000,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 560,000 Mules 8,000 Milk cows 618,000 Other cattle 1,426,000 Sheep 821,000 Swine 903,000 Miles of railway 3,218 Bank deposits $45,000,000 Teachers in public schools 5,358 Pupils enrolled 113,000 Percentage of male teachers 15.1 Average monthly salary of teachers $43.46 Average annual expenditure per pupil $42.28 See Buffalo ; Missouri ; Gold

South Dakota UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Vermilion

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Vermilion, S. D., founded in 1883; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 64; students, 825; president, R. L. Slagel, Ph.D.

What Has Changed in the Last Century

Collier's in 1921 counted 636,547 people in 78 counties and put the state's high point at "Harney's Peak, 7,368 feet"; today South Dakota has about 886,000 residents (2020 census) in 66 counties, and that summit was renamed Black Elk Peak in 2016, its height now given as roughly 7,242 feet. Two things reshaped the map the 1921 editors printed. Mount Rushmore was carved into the Black Hills between 1927 and 1941, turning a granite ridge near Keystone into the state's defining image; and from the 1940s to the 1960s four federal dams turned the Missouri into a chain of reservoirs, Lake Oahe above Pierre among them, drowning riverside settlements and much of the best bottomland on the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River reservations. Pierre is still the capital, but Sioux Falls, on the Big Sioux at the eastern edge, has grown into a city of about 200,000 and now holds a large share of the state's people.

Written for this edition, 2026.