South Dakota

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a State in the North Central Division of the North American Union; bounded by North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana; admitted to the Union, Nov. 2, 1889; number of counties, 78; capital, Pierre; area, 76,850 square miles; pop. (1910) 583,888; (1920) 636,- 547. Topography. The surface of the E portion of the State is a level plain, including the great plateau of the Missouri and a similar plateau E. of the James river. W. of the Missouri river the surface is broken, and contains the Black Hills, averaging 6,000 feet in height. This region covers an area of 3,200 square miles, and reaches its greatest altitude in Harney's Peak, 7,368 feet. The chief rivers in the E. section of the State are the Dakota or James, entering from North Dakota, and the Big Sioux, forming part of the E. boundary; both emptying into the Missouri river. W. of the Missouri and also emptying into it are the White, Cheyenne, Grand, and Moreau. 104° A 103° B 102° C 101° 100° D E 99° • Napoleon R. A N A R Kulm K A Wishek Linton Missouri N Ball Paoli Monango 46 Ft. Yates Cannon STANDING Haley Ashley Little Grand Cave Lemmon Big Nasty Cr. RO Artas Greenway Longlake Ludlow Oak Bull Cr. T Hills R. Gale Herreid Sutherland C Eureka 0 R MCPHERSON N Jones CAMPBELL Ashcroft Seim S.n Mound City Grand Martel Leola Delhi Little Eagle Fk Buffalo Grand Campb HARDS. Sutley • Hillsview N N R. 2 Camp Crook Tislo 2 Reva Slim Búttes PERKINS Glenham Hosmer Pioneer Mabridge Java Date Chunder Mina Bison Selby Harding Bowdle Evarts Bangor Roscoe o Ipswich Chance Rabbit WALWORTH UNDS EDMU Butte Antelope Thunder Butte Sand Morean Albion Swan Cr. Cr. R. Gustave Swan L. Loyalton Powell Bud Lands ea M Ph Moreau D Moreauk StHerbert Hoven Orleans Bixby Moreaw Arrowhead Eales Pembroke R CHEYENNE Haystack Butte Cresbard Roanoke Springs Millard Deep Cr. Hills Patchskin Buttes Northville Castle Rock Butte 45 De Koe Dupre POTTER Deer Ears FAULK Lebanono Seneca Elm Cheyenne Agency Crow Cr. Bellefourche Sulphur Or Gettysburg Burkmere- Faulkton U ZIEBACH Forest 402020 E INDIAN Miranda Ellisville City Tennis Orient Rockham ARMSTRONG Dunsmore Laurel Potter Engelhard RESERVATION Artichoke Agar Sulphur 6 Kaspe Goudyville airbank Lewiston Okobojo Dryo Dittlel Zeigler Buttes Helmick Stoneville Howell Roy Sedgwick Ida Cr. Scoma Valen Bellefourche Cherry Cr. Caryenne Lindsay 。 Cherry Houdek R. Rousseau SULLY Bozo Edwino Sully Buttes Onida Burdette McCamley Hawley Ft Bennett St. Onge Big Bottom Ney SOM C bearfish Cr. Whiteowl Wolf Aftong Okofojo Elwood Clifton Elm Cr Volunteer 3 Carbopate HYDE HAND Leslie Hopewell Shiloho Central C Deadwood Spring CT. Marston Whitewood Holabird Hardingrove Moenville Oranide lead Sturgis erravil000 St. Lawrence E Blunts Hartley Lacy Milesville Cahe Medicine Knoll Harrold Highmore Heights Ft.Mende Ree Grandfield Miller ٦٥ Pedro HAAKON ST Hereford Alkali Or STANLE HUGHES R Galena Hayes Havercroft Bellefourche Dalzell Dowling lingellsbur Topbar Manila Chapelle PIERRE Canning LAWRENCE --Tutord. Roubaix Dumont Albany Glendale Wessington Bend Elmspringso Garland Fort Pierre Giddings Peno Ashcreek Fast Pierre Nemo o Lucerne Bunker Plum Cr. K. Wendte Piedmont Hills Elbon Smithville De Grey Stephan Valleyview Ames TopeeB Black O Viewfield Hilland Cheyenne • Dean Hawk Pheba Ottumwa LOWER Roch ford Merritt CREEK Bailey o CROW Waterbury Smith Box Elder Cr Rapid City Mystic Pactola Silver Van Metre Rowe Grindstone Vesta INDIAN Duncan Hyde BRUCE Cy. Richards Templeton P EON N Nowlin Leir Cedar Philip 14 Grindstone Powell Bad Aidland 이 Capa Kolls BUFFALO INDIAN Lower BruleB G Fk. Dakota City Deerfield McClure Cr. Farmingdale N Redfern Crow Creek Buttes KILLBESERVATION E Rockervillerom • Gannvaller Highland RESERVATION Hill City Sherican AV Keystone White Stamford Clay Butte Draper Vivan Oreville Medicine Butte Cottonwood Cr Gleno Y AN HILLS Creston Whitewater Cr. KSON JACK Presho Medicine Kennebec Lyman R. Okaton Murdo Hermosa Folsor Grosse Belvidere R Reliance Lyonville Custer Otistle Vera Hilmoe Sweeney Cr Kadoka Weta Chamberlain Elk Mountain Bakerville Red Butte Sheep Mt. Interior White Oacoma Westover gon Fairburn Cr. Houston Cr Silvia Edna M Kimball Table ST Pukwana Cavite Cr B ANDS Beav BRULE White Bear in Pringle Lake Pumpki Brule Pass White R. Corn Red Lake Pipe D G Windcay 20 Cold B Sugarlouf Mt. Bendon E R Olao Bull Eagles Nest Iona E Eagleo Dunlapo MELLETTE WASHINGTON SHABAUGH Old Lodge Minnekantao { Buffalo GapCh Black Dog Ear Eastman White Oak Coyle Porcupine Bijou Hillso Hot Springs Lodg AD Parkers Pk.k. Oral Sprs. andler Academy Jouber New Kyle Wounded nee Allen Caseade White Missour remont Smithwick Platte Cr Cr 8 Fk. Winner Lithia C FALL RIVER Porcupine Butte TRIPP Sisoka BENNETT Oelrichs Provo Rosebud Dallas GREGORY SHANNON Starcher lat Martin T 0 D D Manderson Porcupine Gamble Gregory Herrick Wheeler Slim (Butte Eckard Ardmore Pineridge Saint Elmon Lacreek Bonesteel Keya Fairfax Ft. Cou Paha Ponca Merriman Adelia R. Chadron Butte Whitney Niobrara Harrison Rushville R. Niobrara R SOUTH DAKOTA N E B A SCALE OF STATUTE MILES Girard 05 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 70 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 6 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 County Towns Railroads A 103° B 102° C 101° Longitude D E Greenwich 99° West 100° from ght, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 F 98° G 97° H R Red Sheyenne Lisbon A T M Wahpeton Wild Rice R R Cogswell Hankinson O Oakes Forman. O Lidgerwood Fairmount R. 46 Ellendale H Whiterock Veblerio Claire City Vernon hon Rosholt ame Heela Kiddero Elm Victoro Savo O Crawford 0 Frederick Detroit Burch Britton Storm Visa m Wheaton ffington, Wina MARSHALL Otto Bossko Lake Cityo Houghton Amhersto N Windom Sunnyside L. Traverse Bern Westport Claremont 송 Spain Eden. Sisseton Brown Valley BROWN Langford Frank Goodrillo Columbia Huffton Heever Plana Putney Pierpont Nutley Ordway 2 Lohre Sisseton Agency Aberdeen Roslyn Grenville Jaroton N James Big Stone Bath Lynno Andover Pickeret Lake Wilmot rton Rudolph D AY ville Gem Gorena Sumnit Brigh Mud erney! Bristol Webster Bigstone City Warner Butler olmquist aubay Marvin Milbank Mansfield Verdon Twin Brooks 。 Chautauqua Strouseton GRAN Moccasin Conde Dex Lily Wallace-exter Southsbore Stockholm 。 Mellette Albee Kent Forestville M Helgen Troy Wesley Bradley Turton Esterly Rauville Revi 45 Athol Ashton ✓ Raymond Clark Watertown Stran CODINGTON Kranzburg Goodwin Garden City Grobe INK Mell S Henry Kampeska Cactus Altamont Timber Elrod Deland Redfield Frankfort Bemis Gary CLARK Grover Ridge Castlewood DEUEL Naples Irving Crandon OF Clear Lake Hazel Vandervoorto ames HAMLIN Altruring Vienna Tulare Lolley Grandt Ladelle Willow Lake Dempster Carpenter Lake Prestone Teronto Astoris Hayti Poinsett Hitchcock Winthrop Bryant yant Norden Bonillao Lakeside nmarko Bancroft Erwino Broadland lington Wessington Hetland Vale Osceola White Bruce Wolsey De Smet LE Manchester BROOKINGS BEA ◎ Cavour/Iroquois KINGSP Bushnell Huron Volgao Brookings Aurora Virgil Mathews Esmond Thompson Elkton Farnsworth Alpena Drakola Oldham Belle Medaso Lates essing дa Carthaged Ward Ramona Cornell Callihan Flandreau Spryone Woonsocket LAKE Roswell ER MOOD Madison • Cowardo Junius Wentworth Colman Eran Gordon SANBORN Vilas Winfred Fedora Crowlake Trent Letcher Beaver Canova Chester AURORA Mitche Rock Epiphany Firesteel Dell Rapid Loomis Hartman Colton Baltic Sherman Riverside Salem Lyons Garretson trose Mont HANSON Spencer Mt. MINNEH EHAHA boge Vernon Plankinton MCCOOK Crooks Corson DAVISON Bard Alexandria Humboldt Valley Enemy Flynn Jame Canastota Hartford Ellis Brandon Spra o Stickney Robey Bridgewater Sioux Falls Eviouxalla Ethan Dolton Clayton Holla olland Monroe Tea Hillside Harrisburg 4 olland Harrison Marion Parker Milltown. Chancellor Corsica A Parkston Freema Lennox Canton INSON TURNER DOUGLAS HUTCHIN Hurley Worthingo Hummer Armour Rezek. Wittenberg O WSioux Geddes -Davis LINCOLN Menno Olivet Delmont Hooker Fairview CHARLES MIX Tripp Scotland Viborg Hudson Centerville o Hanson Lake Andes Faro Beresford Vodnany Irene Komstad BONHOMME Lesterville Alcepter 43 Wagner Av Randall O YANKTON Wakonda Dalesberg م Volin Alsen Tyndall Utica Missijuhi Missionhill CLAY Greenwood Loretta Nora Tabor Yankton • Westerville Andrus Perkins Big Spink Gayville Cr. UMON Springfield Missouri Meckling Vermilion unning Water R R. Burban O Hartington Elkpoin Jefferson Center I Ponca M Bloomfield A K S O'Neill Sioux Laurel 5 Plainview Randolph Elkhorn O Wakefield Pierce Wayne R. Neligh F 98° G 97° H There are but few large lakes, Big Stone and Traverse, forming part of the N. E. boundary, being the only ones of any size. Geology and Mineralogy. - The Black Hills, of Archæan formation, form the center of a system of concentric circles of geological ages. The Palæozoic surrounds the Archæan core, and consists of beds of Potsdam sand and Trenton lime. Around this is a circle of Jurassic and Triassic formations. The Miocene period covers the region W. of the Missouri and S. of the Bad river. The Black Hills contain some of the most valuable mineral deposits in the United States. Gold is the most important mineral production in the State. It comes almost entirely from the Black Hills. The production in 1919 was 254,820 ounces, valued at $5,267,600. Other mineral products include copper, lead, stone, and clay products. Soil and Agriculture. The soil is a light but rich loam overlying a fertile clay sub-soil, and is especially adapted to raising cereals. Wild fruits grow in great abundance, rich grass covers the prairies in the E. and Black Hills and Bad Lands afford excellent advantages for dairy farming and stock raising. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as Lollows: corn, 3,200,000 acres, production 91,200,- 000 bushels, value $108,528,000; oats, 1,850,000 acres, production, 53,650,000 bushels, value $33,800,000; barley, 875,- 000 acres, production, 19,250,000 bushels, value $22,138,000; wheat, 3,725,000 acres, production 30,175,000 bushels, value $72,- 420,000; rye, 500,000 acres, production 6,500,000 bushels, value $8,125,000; hay, 890,000 acres, production 1,558,000 tons, value $21,033,000; potatoes, 90,000 acres, production 4,500,000 bushels, value $8,- 550,000. Manufactures. - There were in 1914 898 manufacturing establishments in the State, giving employment employment to 3,788 wage earners. The capital invested was $15,- 060,000, the amount paid in wages $2,628,- 000, the value of the materials used $17,080,000, and the value of the finished product $24,139,000. Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 126 National banks in operation, having $5,675,000 in capital; $4,109,000 in outstanding circulation; and $13,496,- 000 in United States bonds. There were also 519 State banks, with $10,038,000 capital. Education. Both elementary and secondary education are free to all persons from 6 to 21 years of age. Attendance between the ages of 8 and 16 at a public day school is compulsory. There were in 1918, 88,848 pupils enrolled in 5,296 elementary schools. The teachers numbered 5,493. There were 326 secondary schools, with 1,947 teachers and 49,637 pupils. The colleges include the University of South Dakota, at Vermilion; Agricultural College at Brookings; Augustana College, at Canton; Dakota University, at Mitchell; Yankton College, at Yankton; Huron College, at Huron; Redfield College, at Redfield; and Baptist llege, at Sioux Falls. College, Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic; Lutheran, Independent Synod; Methodist Episcopal; Congregational; Lutheran, General Synod; Presbyterian; Regular 1 Baptist; Lutheran, Synodical Conference; Protestant Episcopal; Reformed; and Evangelical Association. Railroads. The total length of railroads within the State on Jan. 1, 1920, was 4,300 miles. Finances-There was a balance in the treasury on July 1, 1918, of $3,144,924. The receipts for the fiscal year 1913 amounted to $7,937,044, and the disbursements to $7,441,146. The State has no bonded debt. The assessed value of real and personal property in 1919 was $1,846,456,090. Charities and Corrections. The charitable and correctional institutions under the control of the State include the Blind Asylum at Gary, School for Deaf Mutes at Sioux Falls, Penitentiary at Sioux Falls, Training School at Plankinton, Hospital for the Insane at Yankton, Soldiers' Home at Hot Springs, School for Feeble Minded at Redfield, and Sanitarium for Tuberculosis at Custer. These institutions are under the control of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. State Government. -The governor is elected for a term of two years. Legislative sessions are held biennially in odd years, beginning on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January, and are limited in time to 60 days each. The Legislature has 45 members in the Senate and 135 in the House. There are 3 Representatives in Congress. History. The country now known as the Dakotas was acquired by the United States as a part of the Louisiana Purchase. It was partly explored by Lewis and Clark in 1804 and 1806, by Frémont in 1839, and by Warner in 1855. The Territory of Dakota was created in 1861, and in 1868 Wyoming Territory was formed from part of its area. A scientific expedition, escorted by troops under General Custer, entered the Black Hills in 1874, and gave the first authentic information about the mineral wealth of that region. In 1883 a convention to frame a State constitution for Dakota met at Sioux Falls. Dissensions between SOUTH DAKOTA UNIVERSITY 506 the people of the two sections of the Territory followed, and in 1888 it was decided to divide the territorial area into two States, under the names of North and South Dakota. The bill for their admission passed Congress and was signed by the President, Feb. 22, 1889. In 1890- 1891 the "Indian Messiah" excitement led to troubles with the Sioux Indians, and in 1892 the Yankton Sioux ceded to the government a large part of their reservation between the Missouri and Choteau rivers.