Stieglitz

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

JULIUS (OSCAR), an merican chemist, born at Hoboken, N. J., in 1867. He was educated in Germany, and from 1892 to 1915 was connected with the chemical department of the University of Chicago. He was a member of many scientific societies, and in 1917 was a member of the division of chemistry of the National Research Council. He was vice-chairman of the division of chemistry, from 1919, and was special expert of the Public Health Service in the same year. STIGMA (plural, STIGMAS, or STIG- MATA), a mark made with a red-hot iron; a brand impressed on slaves and others; also a small red speck on the human skin; figuratively, any mark of infamy, disgrace, or reproach which attaches to a person on account of bad conduct; a slur. In anatomy, the projecting part of a Graafian follicle at which rupture In biology, stigmata ta are the occurs. external openings of the tracheal apparatus in the Insecta and Arachnida. Applied also to the pores of the segmental organs of leeches, and to the openings by which the pneumatocyst communicates with the exterior in some of the Physophoridæ. In botany, the part of the pistil to which the pollen is applied. It is generally situated at the upper extremity of the style. It is a glandular body, destitute of epidermis, and secretes a STICKLEBACK AND ITS NEST viscous material, which is most abundant at the period of fecundation. It is sometimes smooth, at others it may be covered with papillæ or with plumose hairs, or it may have around it an indusium. Morphologically viewed, the stigma is the apex of the carpellary leaf. When there is more than one style, each has a stigma; when there are several, they may coalesce so as to have various lobes or divisions. In most cases the stigma is thicker than the style. It varies greatly in form, and may be capitate, penicillate, plumose, or feathery, petaloid, peltate, filiform, or papillose. In some cases the stigma extends down the inner face of the sty style; it is then called unilateral. In ecclesiology, stigmata is a term borrowed from Gal. vi: 17, "I bear in my body the marks (Greek and Vulgate, stigmata) of the Lord Jesus," and applied by ecclesiastical writers to the marks of STIGMATIZATION (q. v.). St. Paul probably took his metaphor from the fact that pagan soldiers sometimes branded the name of their general on some part of their body. No writer of authority has ever maintained that the stigmata of St. Paul were anything more than the actual marks of suffering inflicted by his persecutors (2d Cor. ii: 23-27).