Thrace
Thrace names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Thrace EASTERN AND WEST- ERN, divided by the Maritza River
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EASTERN AND WEST- ERN, divided by the Maritza River. Both divisions were held by Greece from 1919 to 1922, having first been lost by of water accompanying or marking the versity of Michigan in 1883, being admitted to the bar in Utah shortly after his twenty-first birthday. He was a member of the first Utah Senate in 1896. In 1901 he was elected to Congress and served one term in the House of Representatives, declining renomination and being chosen Senator the following year. After serving two terms in the Senate, he was defeated for reelection in 1916. In 1922 he represented the United States in the Norwegian war shipping contracts case before the Hague Court of Arbitration. He was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Harding September 6, 1922. Former president of the American Bar Association (1916). Author "Constitutionality and World Affairs" (1919). T Turkey to Bulgaria in the first Balkan War, 1912-13, and been afterward divided between these two countries. Greece acquired possession of the western or Bulgarian portion by the Treaty of Neuilly in 1919, when she also occupied Eastern Thrace. This was ceded to her by the Treaty of Sèvres, but the Turkish Nationalists did not recognize that treaty and demanded the immediate return of Eastern Thrace, while consenting to a plebiscite for the western portion. Following the victories of the Turkish Nationalists over the Greeks in 1922, Eastern Thrace was surrendered in accordance with their terms. Western Thrace was left to Greece and the Turkish demands in regard to a plebiscite were denied by the Powers at the Near Eastern Conference held at Lausanne. An outlet for Bulgaria through Western Thrace was also provided for at that conference. The Greek population of Eastern Thrace was formerly conside able, but the number was reduced by hardship and migration after 1914 and was practically eliminated by the final migration of over 300,000 men, women, and children before the last return of the Turks. (October, 1922). The Turkish population of Western Thrace is variously estimated at from 100,000 to 300,000. An understanding reached at Lausanne was that these Turks should not be expelled if the Greek population of Constantinople was likewise permitted to remain in that city.
Thrace the ancient name of the Turkish province of Rumeli
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the ancient name of the Turkish province of Rumeli. It is said to have been peopled by a tribe of Pelasgians. The authentic history of the country commences with the formation of the Greek settlements in the 6th century B. c. Of these, the principal were Byzantium (675 b. c.), Selymbria, Abdera (560 B. c.), Mesembria, Dicæa, Maronea, Ænus, Cardia, Sestus, Amphipolis, etc.; but their want of union enabled the Thracian chiefs of the interior to preserve their independence. In 513 b. c., Darius, King of Persia, marched through Thrace on his way to punish the European Scythians, and on his return, left Megabazus, with 80,000 men, to subdue the country. In this he partially succeeded, but new disturbances and complications arose between the Persians and Greeks, which resulted (480 b. c.) in the famous expedition of Xerxes. The rise of the Macedonian kingdom, under Philip II. (359 (359 B. c.), destroyed the independence of a great part of Thrace. Under the Government of Lysimachus, Thracia was incorporated with Macedonia, and became complete. On the fall of the Macedonian kingdom (168 B. c.), it passed into the hands of the Romans, and subsequently shared the vicissitudes of the Roman emand in 447, by Attila. In 1353, Amurath obtained possession of all its fortresses, except Constantinople, and remained in the hands of the Turks. By the treaty of Neuilly in 1919 Bulgaria agreed to give Thrace to Greece.
Thrace thras, in ancient geography
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
thras, in ancient geography, a region of somewhat indefinite boundaries extending from Macedonia eastward to the Euxine, now the Black Sea . The people were regarded by the Greeks as ferocious barbarians. The climate was considered terribly severe. Aside from the fact that the inhabitants were related to the people of Europe rather than to the Turks by whom they were afterward subdued, little is known of their language, religion, or race affinity. Implements and ornaments found in sepulchral mounds show that communication with Greece as well as Rome was frequent. During the period of Roman occupation extensive roads, still in use, were built. The inhabitants are believed to be ancestors of the modern Wallachians. The southern part of ancient Thrace forms now a part of Turkey in Europe. The northern district is included in Bulgaria.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's was writing while the map was still moving: it left Eastern Thrace just surrendered to the Turkish Nationalists in October 1922 and an Aegean outlet for Bulgaria "provided for" at Lausanne. The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in July 1923, fixed the settlement that still stands — Eastern Thrace Turkish, Western Thrace Greek, the Maritsa (Evros) the border, and no Bulgarian corridor to the sea, which Bulgaria has never regained. The Lausanne exemption Collier's noted did survive on paper, but unevenly: the Muslim minority of Western Thrace still numbers roughly 100,000, while the Greek community of Istanbul dwindled to a few thousand after the 1955 riots and the 1964 expulsions. Aiton's 1910 remark that little was known of Thracian language or religion has been much improved on by Bulgarian archaeology, including the Panagyurishte gold treasure (1949) and the painted tomb at Kazanlak, now a World Heritage site; its guess that the Thracians were ancestors of the Wallachians is no longer accepted.
Written for this edition, 2026.